The presence of bisphenol A in the thermal paper in the face of changing European regulations – A comparative global research

Bisphenol A (BPA) is an organic synthetic compound serving as a monomer to produce polycarbonate plastic, widely used in the packaging for food and drinks, medical devices, thermal paper, and dental materials. BPA can contaminate food, beverage, air, and soil. It accumulates in several human tissues and organs and is potentially harmful to human health through different molecular mechanisms. Due to its hormone-like properties, BPA may bind to estrogen receptors, thereby affecting both body weight and tumorigenesis. BPA may also affect metabolism and cancer progression, by interacting with GPR30, and may impair male reproductive function, by binding to androgen receptors. Several transcription factors, including PPARγ, C/EBP, Nrf2, HOX, and HAND2, are involved in BPA action on fat and liver homeostasis, the cardiovascular system, and cancer. Finally, epigenetic changes, such as DNA methylation, histones modification, and changes in microRNAs expression contribute to BPA pathological effects. This review aims to provide an extensive and comprehensive analysis of the most recent evidence about the potential mechanisms by which BPA affects human health.

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Bisphenol A alternatives in thermal paper from the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden and Norway. Screening and potential toxicity

The Science of The Total Environment ◽

10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.171 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 601-602 ◽

pp. 210-221 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Maria K. Björnsdotter ◽

Willem Jonker ◽

Jessica Legradi ◽

Jeroen Kool ◽

Ana Ballesteros-Gómez

Keyword(s):

The Netherlands ◽

Bisphenol A ◽

Potential Toxicity ◽

Thermal Paper

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Concentration of bisphenol A in thermal paper

Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews ◽

10.1080/17518253.2010.502908 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 81-86 ◽

Cited By ~ 82

Author(s):

Ted Mendum ◽

Emily Stoler ◽

Helen VanBenschoten ◽

John C. Warner

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Thermal Paper

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Bisphenol A and alternatives in thermal paper receipts - a German market analysis from 2015 to 2017

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.037 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 186 ◽

pp. 1016-1025 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Martin Eckardt ◽

Thomas J. Simat

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Market Analysis ◽

German Market ◽

Thermal Paper

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A Silver-Loaded Exfoliated Graphite Nanocomposite Anti-Fouling Electrochemical Sensor for Bisphenol A in Thermal Paper Samples

ACS Omega ◽

10.1021/acsomega.0c05836 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Tebogo R. Tsekeli ◽

Tsholofelo I. Sebokolodi ◽

Hassan Karimi-Maleh ◽

Omotayo A. Arotiba

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Electrochemical Sensor ◽

Exfoliated Graphite ◽

Thermal Paper

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Bisphenol A (BPA) in thermal paper used for receipts

BCIT Environmental Public Health Journal ◽

10.47339/ephj.2016.94 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Rebecca Wong ◽

BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health ◽

Vanessa Karakilic ◽

Kevin Soulsbury

Keyword(s):

Bisphenol A ◽

Human Body ◽

High Performance ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Daily Intake ◽

Health Concern ◽

Entire Surface ◽

Heat Stable ◽

Thermal Paper ◽

Health Canada

Background: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a proven endocrine disruptor and has been found in the urine of 95% of Canadians. Though the chemical has been banned for use in certain applications, it is still common in items such as thermal paper used for receipts because the compound is heat stable. This study aims to determine if the levels found in thermal receipt paper are high enough to pose a public health concern. Methods: Samples of thermal paper used for receipts were tested for BP A by soaking and incubating lOOmg of the paper in lOmL of methanol for 3 hours at room temperature, and then overnight at 4°C. The resulting methanol solution was then analyzed by using an HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) system with fluorescence detection. Results: A total of 30 receipts were tested from various stores around the Lower Mainland, including retail stores and restaurants. Of the 30 samples, 13 tested positive for bisphenol A, and of those 13, the amount ranged from 0.124 to 871.17 mg BPA per kg paper. Using the provisional total daily intake (0.025mg/kg body weight/day) set by Health Canada in 1996, results indicate that there can be enough BPA present in a minimum of 2 grams of the paper to exceed the daily limit for a person weighing 70kg. However, the human body does not absorb all of the BPA it may come into contact with, nor does a person touch the entire surface of the paper; thus, more than 2 grams of thermal paper would be required to actually exceed the pTDI. Conclusion: Although the human body does not absorb all of the BPA it may come into contact with, thermal receipt paper can still be a significant source of BP A, especially for those who handle them frequently, such as cashiers. Public education on common sources of BP A, such as thermal receipts, would reduce exposure.

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