Land use associated with Cryptosporidium sp. and Giardia sp.in surface water supply in the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract The water quality is related to the hydrologic and limnologic properties of ground and surface water, and significant efforts have been made to monitor water sources to understand the effects of land use changes in agricultural areas, with significant socioeconomic activities. The objective of this study was to evaluate the qualitative aspects of surface water in subbasins related to land use. Samples were analyzed in terms of physical and chemical parameters on monthly discrete water quality sampling in four representative sites at first order subbasin streams, located at the Polo Regional Centro Norte, Pindorama County, State of São Paulo, Brazil. The land use classification was made by visual detection technique in a multispectral satellite data obtained from LandSat8- spectral bands of the OLI sensor. The watershed was classified into major land cover/use classes and overlay maps generated in ArcGIS 10 indicated a significant shift from natural vegetation to agriculture activities. Water quality monitoring was according to the brazilian protocol and the results were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The values obtained differ significantly at each sampling point - subbasins, reflecting the effects of land use on water quality. Soil conservation management is important to optimize soil use in order to contribute to the control of water pollution and the formulation of a public policy is necessary for the conservation of water and soil resources.

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Water, Energy, and Land Use Planning on Maui Island, Hawaii: Estimating Surface Water Supply

ASME 2011 5th International Conference on Energy Sustainability, Parts A, B, and C ◽

10.1115/es2011-54332 ◽

2011 ◽

Author(s):

Emily A. Grubert ◽

Michael E. Webber

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Surface Water ◽

Water Supply ◽

Land Use Planning ◽

Environmental Flows ◽

Energy System ◽

Empirical Equations ◽

Irrigation Ditch ◽

Narrow Scope ◽

Surface Water Supply

Maui Island in the State of Hawaii faces land use and freshwater allocation challenges associated with a growing population and a changing economic base as plantation agriculture has declined. Debate about whether water should be restored to environmental flows, allocated to new urban development for residents and tourists, or be used to irrigate food or fuel crops has highlighted Maui’s opportunity to make integrated resource decisions that consider land, water, and energy in particular. One major potential water demand on Maui is for irrigation for biofuels crops, such as sugarcane for ethanol. While Maui’s energy system is currently low in water intensity, using irrigated biofuels could increase the need for local water investment in energy systems. This paper aims to characterize surface water supply on Maui in order to draw conclusions about supply adequacy for biofuel irrigation. Narrow-scope empirical equations linking streamflow and precipitation tend to produce more accurate estimates for individual streams: for example, equations based only on northeast Maui streams tend to predict northeast Maui stream flows better than equations based on all of Maui’s streams. However, specific equations do not exist for most regions of Maui. This paper finds that general and specific empirical equations for northeast Maui predict nearly identical aggregate streamflows. Irrigation ditch flow comprises aggregate streamflow from a given region, so it is likely that existing, general equations can predict irrigation ditch flows with acceptable accuracy.

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Physicochemical and microbiological quality of the public water supply in 38 cities from the midwest region of the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Water Environment Research ◽

10.1002/wer.1124 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 91 (8) ◽

pp. 805-812 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ághata Regina de Oliveira Alves Palmeira ◽

Valdete Aparecida Terolo Higa da Silva ◽

Francisco Lopes Dias Júnior ◽

Regina Célia Arantes Stancari ◽

Gabriel Antonio Nogueira Nascentes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

Public Water Supply ◽

São Paulo ◽

The Public ◽

Midwest Region

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Influence of land use changes on water chemistry in streams in the State of São Paulo, southeast Brazil

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/s0001-37652012000400007 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 84 (4) ◽

pp. 919-930 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Daniela M.L. Silva ◽

Plínio B. Camargo ◽

William H. Mcdowell ◽

Ivan Vieira ◽

Marcos S.M.B. Salomão ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Major Ions ◽

Anthropogenic Activities ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

São Paulo ◽

High Concentration ◽

Semideciduous Forest ◽

Southeast Brazil

Streamwater is affected by several processes in the watershed including anthropogenic activities that result in changes in water quality as well as in the functioning of these stream ecosystems. Therefore, this work aims to evaluate the concentration of major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, Cl-, SO4(2-), PO4(3-), HCO3-) in streams in the state of São Paulo (southeast Brazil). The sampling sites are located at undisturbed (ombrophilus dense forest, semideciduous forest and savanna - cerrado) and disturbed areas (pasture, urbanization and sugar cane crops). Streamwater chemistry varied according to land use change and, in general, was higher in disturbed sites. Streams located in undisturbed sites at Ribeira de Iguape/Alto Paranapanema watershed (streams 1, 2 and 3) seem to be regulated by soil characteristics, as the disturbed streams located at the same watershed covered by pasture (stream 7) showed high concentration for the most of the variables. Exception to streams located at Pontal do Paranapanema watershed where both disturbed (stream 8) and undisturbed streams (stream 4 and 5) presented similar patterns for almost all variables measured.

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Threats to the Cerrado remnants of the state of São Paulo, Brazil

Scientia Agricola ◽

10.1590/s0103-90162007000400006 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 64 (4) ◽

pp. 355-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 98

Author(s):

Giselda Durigan ◽

Marinez Ferreira de Siqueira ◽

Geraldo Antonio Daher Correa Franco

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

The State ◽

Natural Ecosystem ◽

São Paulo ◽

Natural Ecosystems ◽

Invasive Grasses ◽

Land Use Types ◽

Chi Square Analysis

Patches of natural vegetation remaining in landscapes occupied by man are continuously under threat due to the edge effects and also to land use types around these remnants. The most frequent threats and land use types in the vicinity of 81 Cerrado (tropical savanna type) fragments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, were analyzed in order to verify if the frequency of every type of disturbance to the natural ecosystem depends on the neighboring land use. The hypothesis of the study assumes that environmental threats are correlated with land use around protected areas. From the 81 areas, the most frequent human-induced land cover types around the Cerrado remnants were: pasture (recorded in 78% of the areas), sugarcane plantations (26%), roads (19%), annual crops and reforestation (14% each). The most frequent sources of threats were invasive grasses (35% of the areas partially or totally invaded) and cattle (observed in 32% of the areas), followed by deforestation (21%), and fire (21%). The chi-square analysis revealed that, with the exception of deforestation, which does not depend on land use, all other threats are influenced by the neighboring land use. The occurrence of invasive grasses and fires are strongly favored by the presence of roads and urban areas. Sugarcane, reforestation, and permanent crops were the less impacting land use types found in the study area, when only considering impact frequency. These land use types have fire and weed control, and also exclude cattle, indirectly protecting natural ecosystems.

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Land use and land cover changes in São Paulo Macro Metropolis and implications for water resilience under climate change

Sustentabilidade em Debate ◽

10.18472/sustdeb.v12n2.2021.32146 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 13-50

Author(s):

Demerval Gonçalves ◽

Wilson Cabral Sousa Júnior ◽

Luciana de Resende Londe ◽

Marcos Pellegrini Coutinho ◽

Walter Manoel Mendes Filho

Keyword(s):

Climate Change ◽

Land Use ◽

Land Cover ◽

Water Supply ◽

Climate Models ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Land Cover Changes ◽

São Paulo ◽

Climate Data

The São Paulo Macro Metropolis (MMP) is a geographical arrangement that brings together the most significant Brazilian socioeconomic figures and faces numerous challenges, such as heavy pressure on natural resources. Through compilation, spatialization and cross-referencing of data, this work assessed time series of land use and land cover of the last decades, the water supply status in an urban environment and climate data projection for MMP. Municipalities with different profiles were identified: those with positive final balances and those with negative final balances about the maintenance of their natural areas. Furthermore, more than half of the municipalities of the MMP have low water supply assurance, which can be aggravated due to climate change, as predicted in several climate models. The characterization of municipalities based on this information allowed identifying which of them are the most vulnerable, and these results indicate paths for coordinated actions at local and regional levels to increase water resilience in the macro-region.

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Relationship between Fire Events and Land Use Changes in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13152853 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 2853

Author(s):

Sheena Philogene ◽

Wenge Ni-Meister

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Cover ◽

Land Use Changes ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Google Earth ◽

The State ◽

Direct Result ◽

São Paulo ◽

Forested Areas ◽

In Fire

This study investigated the land use and land cover changes in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, for the period of 2002 through 2017, to determine if forested areas were burned or converted to other land uses, to analyze the use of fire as a catalyst and mechanism for land cover change, and to determine if there was a relationship between land use changes and gross domestic product (GDP). MapBiomas classifications and MODIS data were analyzed using the Google Earth Engine. The results of the analysis found that there were minimal changes in the forested areas in São Paulo during the study period; however, there was a 5% increase in natural forest and a 75% increase in planted forest cover. On the other hand, there was a 128% increase in sugarcane, and nearly a 50% decrease in pasture land coverage, suggesting that land was converted from pasture to more profitable agricultural land. Finally, there was a strong positive correlation (r = 0.96) between the increase in sugarcane and the GDP, and a negative correlation between the frequency of fire events and economic production (r = −0.62). Overall, there was a decline in fire events in São Paulo, with fire events occurring in less than 2% of the total observed land area by 2017. This overall declining trend in fire events are likely the direct result of increases in green harvest methods, which prevent the need for pre-harvest burning.

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