Evaluating the effect of long-term forest fire retardants on thermal properties: Fuel heat content and flame emissivity

Since the beginning of the 1930s research has been directed towards improving the effectiveness of water as a forest fire extinguishing agent. Throughout this time various chemical substances have been added to the water, and this is still the case today. Among these substances are the various types of long-term forest fire retardant, which maintain their ability to alter combustion when the water has been removed by evaporation. In order to provide an account of the current state of development of studies on long-term forest fire retardants, we carried out a bibliographic analysis with special attention to work done after 1976 on the different aspects that influence the final effectiveness of forest fire retardant: quality (programs and evaluation), effectiveness, application and environmental impact on streams and aquatic organisms, vegetation and humans. The scope of this work covers the wide subject of fire retardants and it introduces significant work related to all the aspects of fire retardant use.

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Comparison of the mineralogical effects of an experimental forest fire on a goethite/ferrihydrite soil with a topsoil that contains hematite, maghemite and goethite

Clay Minerals ◽

10.1180/claymin.2009.044.2.239 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 44 (2) ◽

pp. 239-247 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

P. Nørnberg ◽

A. L. Vendelboe ◽

H. P. Gunnlaugsson ◽

J. P. Merrison ◽

K. Finster ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Matter ◽

High Temperature ◽

Forest Fire ◽

Forest Fires ◽

Organic Matter Content ◽

Matter Content ◽

Humid Climate ◽

Fe Mineralogy ◽

Reducing Environment

AbstractA long-standing unresolved puzzle related to the Danish temperate humid climate is the presence of extended areas with large Fe contents, where goethite and ferrihydrite are present in the topsoil along with hematite and maghemite. Hematite and, particularly, maghemite would normally be interpreted as the result of high temperature as found after forest fires. However, a body of evidence argues against these sites having been exposed to fire. In an attempt to get closer to an explanation of this Fe mineralogy, an experimental forest fire was produced. The results showed a clear mineralogical zonation down to 10 cm depth. This was not observed at the natural sites, which contained a mixture of goethite/ferrihydrite, hematite and maghemite down to 20 cm depth. The experimental forest fire left charcoal and ashes at the topsoil, produced high pH and decreased organic matter content, all of which is in contrast to the natural sites. The conclusion from this work is that the mineralogy of these sites is not consistent with exposure to forest fire, but may instead result from long-term transformation in a reducing environment, possibly involving microbiology.

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Plasticized and unplasticized PLA/organoclay nanocomposites: Short- and long-term thermal properties, morphology, and nonisothermal crystallization behavior

Journal of Applied Polymer Science ◽

10.1002/app.34841 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 123 (5) ◽

pp. 2837-2848 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

Serap Gumus ◽

Guralp Ozkoc ◽

Ayse Aytac

Keyword(s):

Thermal Properties ◽

Crystallization Behavior ◽

Nonisothermal Crystallization ◽

Short And Long Term

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INCREASE OF THE THERMOCLINE LAYER DUE TO TSUNAMI 2004 IN NANGRO ACEH DARUSSALAM WATERS

Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Kelautan Tropis ◽

10.29244/jitkt.v3i1.7840 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hadikusumah Hadikusumah ◽

J. D. Lekalete

Keyword(s):

Indian Ocean ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Mixed Layer Depth ◽

Heat Content ◽

Annual Variations ◽

The Indian Ocean ◽

Local Water ◽

Straits Of Malacca ◽

Tsunami Energy

Research of physical oceanographic conditions post-tsunami was carried out and subsequently compared with the pre-tsunami 1998. Measurement of suhu, salinity and light transmission was conducted by CTDSBE911pls Model. Results showed that the flow in the Straits of Malacca flowed into the northwest and turned back into the Strait of Bengal and the next rotation into the flow of waters along the west coast of Nangro Aceh Darusalam (NAD). The mainstream off coast NAD in the Indian Ocean flowed to the northwest. Upper thermocline layer (17 m to 50 m) moved upward in 2005 and 2006 compared with previous data 1998 (90 m to 125 m). The moving upward thermocline in 2006 was allegedly due to the influence of Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) positive. This requires further verification through long-term data collection to determine the monthly and annual variations, which will be compared with previous research. Light transmission (Tx) in 2005 from the surface to near the bottom (water column) was found lower than the year 1998 and 2006. This result was allegedly caused by resuspension from the seabed by energy turbulent produced by the tsunami. Heat content between 5 to 65 m depth in 2005 was higher than in 1998 and 2006. The higher heat content during the year of 2005 (post tsunami) was caused by friction due to the influence of tsunami energy, which predominantly found in the mixed layer depth. Type of water masses in the study area was a mixing between the local water mass, Malacca Strait Water (MSA), Bay of Bengal Water (BBW) under the influence of Arab Waters (AW), and the Indian Deep Water (IDW).Keywords: current, thermocline, heat content, watermass type, and Nangro Aceh Darusalam

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A probability model for long-term forest fire occurrence in the Karst forest management area of Slovenia

International Journal of Wildland Fire ◽

10.1071/wf15192 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 26 (5) ◽

pp. 399 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tomaž Šturm ◽

Tomaž Podobnikar

Keyword(s):

Forest Management ◽

Forest Fire ◽

Probability Model ◽

Target Area ◽

Fire Occurrence ◽

Occurrence Probability ◽

Karst Forest ◽

Management Area ◽

Stand Characteristics

The aim of this study is to develop a long-term forest fire occurrence probability model in the Karst forest management area of Slovenia. The target area has the greatest forest fire occurrence rates and the largest burned areas in the country. To discover how the forest stand characteristics influence forest fire occurrence, we developed a long-term linear regression model. The geographically weighted regression method was applied to build the model, using forest management plans and land-based datasets as explanatory variables and a past forest fire activity dataset as a predicted variable. The land-based dataset was used to represent human activity as a key component in fire occurrence. Variables representing the natural and the anthropogenic environment used in the model explained 39% of past forest fire occurrences and predicted areas with the highest likelihood of forest fire occurrence. The results show that forest fire occurrence probability in a stand increases with lower wood stock, lower species diversity and lower thickness diversity, and in stands dominated by conifer trees under normal canopy closure. These forests stand characteristics are planned to be used in forest management and silviculture planning to reduce fire damage in Slovenian forests.

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