Canopy modification of base cations deposition in a subtropical broadleaved forest: Spatial characteristics, canopy budgets and acid neutralizing capacity

2021 ◽  
Vol 482 ◽  
pp. 118863
Author(s):  
Xinchao Sun ◽  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Yanhong Cao ◽  
Li Liu ◽  
Feilong Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Spatial Characteristics ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity

Base cation reservoirs in soil control the buffering capacity of lakes in forested catchments

2006 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 471-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Houle ◽  
Rock Ouimet ◽  
Suzanne Couture ◽  
Christian Gagnon
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
North America ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Forested Catchments ◽  
Northeastern North America ◽  
Poor Recovery ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity

The acidification of forest soils and surface waters and their relatively poor recovery record following reductions in atmospheric sulphur emissions is a major ongoing environmental problem, particularly in northeastern North America. The slow recovery of surface water is widely hypothesized to result from depletion of reservoirs of base cations in soil. This is concordant with the theory that the acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) of lakes is likely proportional to the size of the exchangeable base cation reservoirs present in surrounding watershed soils. However, data describing these linkages are still nonexistent in the literature. Here we show that lake ANC is highly predictable (r2 = 0.75) based on the size of the exchangeable Ca2+ reservoir in soil in 21 catchments representative of soil and lake conditions encountered in northeastern North America. This finding indirectly supports the hypothesis that the poor recovery of surface water from acidification is governed by the size of base cation reservoirs present in catchment soils. The size of the base cation reservoir in soil is thus a strong indicator of the acid–base status of both soils and surface waters.

Seasalt Effects on the Acid Neutralizing Capacity of Streamwaters in Southern Norway

1995 ◽  
Vol 26 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 369-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
Espen Lydersen ◽  
Arne Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Neutral Salt ◽  
Exchange Reactions ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sulphur Compounds ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Southern Norway

Input of neutral salt, primarily NaCl, from sea spray is an important factor for short-term acidification of surface water, primarily in already acidified areas, because Na may substitute for H+ and cationic aluminium by cation-exchange reactions in the soil. By evaluating the variation of non-marine sodium (Na*) separately it is possible to estimate the major effect of seasalt episodes on the neutralizing capacity (ANC) of stream water. At four long-term monitored Norwegian catchments, the Na* in stream water on average explained 28 ± 4% of the monthly variations of ANC in stream water at Birkenes, and 27 ± 3%, 20 ± 2% and 56 ± 5% of the correspondent variations at Storgama, Langtjern and Kaarvatn, during the respective monitoring periods. The remaining variations in acid neutralizing capacity are explained by the difference between non-marine base cations (ΣCa*,Mg*,K*) and non-marine sulphate (SO4*) and NO3. This paper also indicates that seasalt episodes are probably of greater importance for the periodic variations in ANC of stream water than commonly recognized. During the last years, extreme seasalt episodes have occurred in southern Norway, and more frequently at winter-time, which means that seasalt inputs have played a more important role for the short-term variations of ANC in stream water the last years. This tendency is also strengthened by the fact that there has been a significant decline in the input of acidic sulphur compounds and non-marine base cations in stream water during the last 10-15 years. Because the decline in soil-derived base cations in stream water is somewhat lower than the correspondent decline of sulphate, a slowly improving ANC of stream water should be expected on long-term basis. Seasalt episodes of the same magnitude as those present during the last years, will therefore most likely cause less extreme water-chemical conditions in the years to come. Because the seasalt effect seems to be a short-term effect, there is no reason to claim that these effects may cause long-term acidification, a conclusion earlier drawn from several correspondent studies.

Changes in streamwater chemistry after 20 years from forested watersheds in New Hampshire, U.S.A.

2000 ◽  
Vol 30 (8) ◽  
pp. 1206-1213 ◽  
Author(s):  
C W Martin ◽  
C T Driscoll ◽  
T J Fahey
Keyword(s):  
New Hampshire ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
N Saturation ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Streamwater Chemistry ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity

Long-term patterns of streamwater chemistry provide valuable evidence of the effects of environmental change on ecosystem biogeochemistry. Observations from old-growth forests may be particularly valuable, because patterns should not be influenced by forest succession. Water samples were collected biweekly from four streams in, and near, the old-growth forest watershed of the Bowl Research Natural Area in the White Mountains of New Hampshire from May 1973 through October 1974, and from June 1994 through June 1997. Average NO3– concentrations, which ranged from 40.8 to 46.1 µequiv.·L-1 in 1973-1974, declined significantly to averages of 14.9-20.1 µequiv.·L-1 during 1994-1997. Concentrations of the base cations, Ca2+ and Mg2+, also declined in stream water between the two sampling periods. The northeastern United States, including the study area, has been subjected to elevated atmospheric deposition of sulfur and nitrogen for more than 40 years. This observation has led to the concern that mature forest ecosystems may exhibit N saturation and depletion of Ca2+ from exchangeable soil pools. While the Bowl exhibits a pattern of elevated concentrations of NO3– throughout the year, suggestive of conditions of N saturation, concentrations have declined markedly over the last 20 years. Concentrations of Ca2+ have also declined suggesting possible depletion from the exchangeable soil pool, but the acid neutralizing capacity of stream water has remained constant or increased, indicating resistance to additional acidification.

scholarly journals Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale

2018 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. E574-E583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sujay S. Kaushal ◽  
Gene E. Likens ◽  
Michael L. Pace ◽  
Ryan M. Utz ◽  
Shahan Haq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Major Ions ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
United States Geological Survey ◽  
Past Century ◽  
Accelerated Weathering ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Freshwater Salinization

Salt pollution and human-accelerated weathering are shifting the chemical composition of major ions in fresh water and increasing salinization and alkalinization across North America. We propose a concept, the freshwater salinization syndrome, which links salinization and alkalinization processes. This syndrome manifests as concurrent trends in specific conductance, pH, alkalinity, and base cations. Although individual trends can vary in strength, changes in salinization and alkalinization have affected 37% and 90%, respectively, of the drainage area of the contiguous United States over the past century. Across 232 United States Geological Survey (USGS) monitoring sites, 66% of stream and river sites showed a statistical increase in pH, which often began decades before acid rain regulations. The syndrome is most prominent in the densely populated eastern and midwestern United States, where salinity and alkalinity have increased most rapidly. The syndrome is caused by salt pollution (e.g., road deicers, irrigation runoff, sewage, potash), accelerated weathering and soil cation exchange, mining and resource extraction, and the presence of easily weathered minerals used in agriculture (lime) and urbanization (concrete). Increasing salts with strong bases and carbonates elevate acid neutralizing capacity and pH, and increasing sodium from salt pollution eventually displaces base cations on soil exchange sites, which further increases pH and alkalinization. Symptoms of the syndrome can include: infrastructure corrosion, contaminant mobilization, and variations in coastal ocean acidification caused by increasingly alkaline river inputs. Unless regulated and managed, the freshwater salinization syndrome can have significant impacts on ecosystem services such as safe drinking water, contaminant retention, and biodiversity.

scholarly journals Long-term trends of water chemistry in mountain streams in Sweden – slow recovery from acidification

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Borg ◽  
M. Sundbom
Keyword(s):  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Precipitation Trend ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Recovery From Acidification ◽  
Long Term Trends

Abstract. The water chemistry of streams and precipitation in the province of Jämtland, northern Sweden has been monitored since the 1980s to study long-term trends, occurrence of acid episodes, and effects of liming. The acidity in precipitation increased in the 1970s, followed by a loss of acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) and low pH in the streams. Sulfur deposition began to decrease in the 1980s, until approximately 2000, after which the decrease levelled out. Stream water sulfate concentration followed the precipitation trend but decreased more slowly and since the late 1990s a subtle increase was observed. Sulfate concentrations in the snow typically have been higher than or equal to the stream sulfate levels. However, during the period of rapid deposition decrease and also since 2005 stream sulfate has sometimes exceeded snow sulfate, indicating desorption of stored soil sulfate, possibly because of climate-related changes in run-off routes through the soil profiles, following shorter periods of frost. From 1982 to 2000, total organic carbon (TOC) increased by approximately 0.1 mg L−1 yr−1. The mean trends in sulfate and TOC from approximately 1990 until today were generally opposite. Acidic episodes with pH 4.0 at flow peaks occurred frequently in the unlimed streams, despite relatively well-buffered waters at baseflow. To evaluate the main causes for the loss of ANC during episodes, the changes in major ion concentrations during high flow episodes were evaluated. The most important factors contributing to ANC loss were dilution of base cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+), enrichment of organic anions and enrichment of sulfate. Wetland liming started in 1985 after which the earlier observed extreme peak values of iron, manganese and aluminium, did not reoccur. The studied area is remote from emission sources in Europe, but the critical load of acidity is still exceeded. The long-term recovery observed in the unlimed streams is thus slow, and severe acidic episodes still occur.

Evaluation of Hemidesmus indicus root as an antacid by In vitro

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (04) ◽  
pp. 4524
Author(s):  
Abdullah Shaikh Farooque ◽  
Md. Azharuddin Ismail Atar*
Keyword(s):  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Care Delivery ◽  
Health Care Delivery System ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Hemidesmus Indicus ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Powdered Drug

Medicinal plants are being widely used, either as single drug or in combination in health care delivery system. Indian Sarsaparilla, Hemidesmus indicus (Family: Asclepiadaceae) is a commonly known Indian Medicinal Plant, which is widely recognized in traditional systems of Medicine. It contains various phytoconstituents belonging to the category glycosides, flavonoids, tannins, sterols and volatile oils. It has been reported as useful in biliousness, blood diseases, dysentery, diarrhea, respiratory disorders, skin diseases, syphilis, fever, leprosy, leucoderma, leucorrhoea, itching, bronchitis, asthma, eye diseases, epileptic fits in children, kidney and urinary disorders, loss of appetite, burning sensation, dyspepsia, nutritional disorders, ulcer and rheumatism. Several studies are being carried towards its activities like analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, hepatoprotective, antioxidant and helicobactericidal properties. In our study we have evaluated antacid activity of sariva (Anantmool) by using In-Vitro method, i.e. ANC (Acid Neutralizing Capacity). This evaluation was done by comparing the ANC of sariva macerated & powdered drug with water as blank & standard drug i.e. NaHCO3. Based on this In-Vitro experiment, we can conclude that, the macerated & powdered drug of sariva (Anantmool) evaluated in this study, varied in potency as measured in terms of their ANC. These results having ** i.e. P < 0.01 & Passed the normality test. However, the present study being in-vitro, the effects of antacid may vary In-Vitro; individual variations also contribute to the ultimate effectiveness of as antacid.        

scholarly journals In-vitro antiulcer activities of petal extract of Crocus sativus var. cashmerianus

2020 ◽  
pp. 6-8
Author(s):  
Vijender Kumar ◽  
Poonam Verma ◽  
Amarjit Kaur ◽  
Baljinder Singh
Keyword(s):  
Crocus Sativus ◽  
Acid Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Inhibition Activity ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Neutralizing Capacity ◽  
Activity Method ◽  
Atpase Inhibition ◽  
Acid Neutralize ◽  
Capacity Method

Medicinal plants have been known for millennia as a rich source of traditional therapeutic agents for the prevention of diseases and ailments. The aim of the present study was performed to evaluate the antiulcer activities of hydro-alcoholic extracts of petals of Crocus sativus var. Cashmerianus by in-vitro methods viz. acid neutralizing capacity and H+/K+ - ATPase inhibition activity. In acid neutralizing capacity method, the petals extract significantly reduced acidity to 6.10 at a concentration of 1000 mg/ml as compared to 11.90 with standard 500 mg/ml of Aluminium hydroxide + Magnesium hydroxide combination. However, H+/K+ - ATPase inhibition activity method, petals extract showed maximum percentage inhibition of 70.31 % at the concentration 400µg/ml as compared to 73.82 % with a similar dose of standard Omeprazole. The IC 50 value of petals extract of C. sativus var. cashmerianus is shown 100 µg/ml in comparison with standard omeprazole of 82.5 µg/ml. The study reveals that the petals extract of C. sativus var. cashmerianus may contain compounds possessing acid neutralize and enzyme inhibition activities, thus it can be used as an alternative medicine for gastrointestinal disorders.

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