Abstract
Background: Anthocyanins are a type of natural pigment that have high potential for development and utilization in regions like food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries, with nitrogen and phosphorus starvation possibly promoting their accumulation in grapes. However, it remains unclear whether such starvation impacts the grape callus, or how the co-starvation of nitrogen and phosphorus affects the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Here, we investigated how nitrogen starvation, phosphorus starvation, and the co-starvation of these two elements affects the synthesis of anthocyanins in the callus of grape skin. We also evaluated how these parameters participate in the Abscisic acid signaling pathway. Results: Separate starvation of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as nitrogen and phosphorus co-starvation, inhibited callus growth, while significantly promoting the accumulation of anthocyanins. However, co-starvation did not facilitate anthocyanin biosynthesis during the later stages of callus growth. qRT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of VvUFGT and VvmybA1 was closely related to anthocyanin accumulation in the callus under nitrogen and phosphorus starvation. Besides, we also confirmed that the abscisic acid signaling pathway was involved in anthocyanin accumulation as well as callus resistance under adverse conditions. Conclusions: This study demonstrated how nitrogen and phosphorus starvation contribute to the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis in the callus of grapes. This information provides a basis for investigating the regulatory mechanisms of anthocyanin synthesis in grapes, as well as theoretical support for the production of anthocyanins by callus culture. Keywords: grape; callus; anthocyanin; nitrogen starvation; phosphorus starvation; co-starvation
An Evolutionarily Conserved Abscisic Acid Signaling Pathway Regulates Dormancy in the Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha
