ABCA7 links sterol metabolism to the host defense system: Molecular background for potential management measure of Alzheimer's disease

The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.

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Pharmacological studies on the host defense system. 2. Effect of thermal stimulation by moxibustion on the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic activity in mice

The Japanese Journal of Pharmacology ◽

10.1016/s0021-5198(19)63844-8 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 39 ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Yumi Sunami ◽

Kuniko Ootsuka ◽

Masako Okazaki ◽

Takako Kasahara ◽

Koji Sakamoto

Keyword(s):

Blood Coagulation ◽

Host Defense ◽

Fibrinolytic Activity ◽

Thermal Stimulation ◽

Defense System ◽

Pharmacological Studies ◽

System 2 ◽

Host Defense System

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The Two-Faced Cytokine IL-6 in Host Defense and Diseases

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms19113528 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 3528 ◽

Cited By ~ 41

Author(s):

Masashi Narazaki ◽

Tadamitsu Kishimoto

Keyword(s):

Host Defense ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Castleman Disease ◽

Whole Body ◽

Off Label Use ◽

Defense System ◽

New Era ◽

Pathological Conditions ◽

Host Defense System

Interleukein-6 (IL-6), is produced locally from infectious or injured lesions and is delivered to the whole body via the blood stream, promptly activating the host defense system to perform diverse functions. However, excessive or sustained production of IL-6 is involved in various diseases. In diseases, the IL-6 inhibitory strategy begins with the development of the anti-IL-6 receptor antibody, tocilizumab (TCZ). This antibody has shown remarkable effects on Castleman disease, rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis. In 2017, TCZ was proven to work effectively against giant cell arteritis, Takayasu arteritis and cytokine releasing syndrome, initiating a new era for the treatment of these diseases. In this study, the defensive functions of IL-6 and various pathological conditions are compared. Further, the diseases of which TCZ has been approved for treatment are summarized, the updated results of increasing off-label use of TCZ for various diseases are reviewed and the conditions for which IL-6 inhibition might have a beneficial role are discussed. Given the involvement of IL-6 in many pathologies, the diseases that can be improved by IL-6 inhibition will expand. However, the important role of IL-6 in host defense should always be kept in mind in clinical practice.

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Macrophages in the Brain: Friends or Enemies?

Physiology ◽

10.1152/physiologyonline.1994.9.2.80 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 80-84 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

D Piani ◽

DB Constam ◽

K Frei ◽

A Fontana

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Host Defense ◽

The Body ◽

Defense System ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Brain Macrophages ◽

Host Defense System ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Brain ◽

Macrophage Lineage

Cells of the macrophage lineage are ubiquitously distributed in the body, including the central nervous system. They represent an essential host defense system to protect from infections. However, recent evidence indicates that brain macrophages may also be responsible for tissue destruction, including loss of neurons and demyelination.

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