Travel behavior and objectively measured urban design variables: Associations for adults traveling to work

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M. Badland ◽  
Grant M. Schofield ◽  
Nick Garrett
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Objectively Measured

scholarly journals Urban Design and Walkability: Lessons Learnt from Iranian Traditional Cities

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 5731
Author(s):  
Elmira Jamei ◽  
Khatereh Ahmadi ◽  
Hing Wah Chau ◽  
Mehdi Seyedmahmoudian ◽  
Ben Horan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Study Approach ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Planning Models ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Residential Quarters ◽  
Objectively Measured

Physical activity is connected to public health in many ways, and walking is its most popular form. Modern planning models have been applied to cities to manage rapid urban expansions. However, this practice has led to low level of walkability and strong car-dependency in today’s cities. Hence, this study aims to provide a review of the most promising urban design parameters affecting walkability, using Frank Lawrence’s theory of “Objectively Measured Urban Form” (density, connectivity and accessibility, and mixed-use development) as the basis of discussion. The second part of this paper takes a case study approach, through discussing the main design elements of traditional Iranian cities (mosques, bazaars, residential quarters, and alleyways) and analyses their impacts on promoting walkability. This study concludes that incorporating inherent values of traditional urban design elements will complement modern planning and design practices.

scholarly journals The influence of urban design packages on home values

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-203
Author(s):  
Christopher Bitter ◽  
Andy Krause
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Residential Home ◽  
Design Element ◽  
Hedonic Price ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Home Values ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the impact of neighborhood design templates on residential home values in King County, WA, USA. Previous research examines a number of individual design factors; this study combines these factors into typologies and tests for the impacts of the composite set of design features. Design/methodology/approach The study analyzes over 27,000 home sales with a hedonic price model to measure the impacts across three large, regional submarkets. Neighborhood design categories are developed using a cluster analysis on a set of individual neighborhood attributes. Findings The key finding from this research is that the impact of more traditional (“urban”) design packages on home values is highly contextual. For the older and denser neighborhoods in the study area, a more traditional design results in a significantly positive impact on home values. In the new and more suburban regions of the study area, this effect is not found. Originality/value Prior work focused on valuing design attributes individually. The study argues that neighborhood design is better conceived of as a “package”, as the value of a given design element may depend on other co-located attributes. This is the first study, to the authors’ knowledge, to treat physical neighborhood design variables as a composite whole and to attempt to value their impact on home values as such.

scholarly journals Seizing the opportunity?: how sustainable urban design will feature in the redevelopment of the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Speedy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Central City ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Street Layout ◽  
Implementation Data ◽  
Change Concerns

<p>Following devastating earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 in Christchurch, there is an opportunity to use sustainable urban design variables to redevelop the central city in order to address climate change concerns and reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport. Literature from a variety of disciplines establishes that four sustainable urban design variables; increased density, mixed-use development, street layout and city design, and the provision of sustainable public transport, can reduce car dependency and vehicle kilometres travelled within urban populations- widely regarded as indicators of the negative environmental effects of transport.  The key question for the research is; to what extent has this opportunity been seized by NZ’s Central Government who are overseeing the central city redevelopment? In order to explore this question the redevelopment plans for the central city of Christchurch are evaluated against an adapted urban design matrix to determine whether a reduction in CO₂ emissions from land transport is likely to be achieved through their implementation. Data obtained through interviews with experts is used to further explore the extent to which sustainable urban design variables can be employed to enhance sustainability and reduce CO₂ emissions.  The analysis of this data shows that the four urban design variables will feature in the Central Government’s redevelopment plans although the extent to which they are employed and their likely success in reducing CO₂ emissions will vary. Ultimately, the opportunity to redevelop the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport will be undermined due to timeframe, co-ordination, and leadership barriers.</p>

scholarly journals Improving the Pedestrian’s Perceptions of Safety on Street Crossings. Psychological and Neurophysiological Effects of Traffic Lanes, Artificial Lighting, and Vegetation

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8576
Author(s):  
Carmen Llinares ◽  
Juan Luis Higuera-Trujillo ◽  
Antoni Montañana ◽  
Nuria Castilla
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
City Planning ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Night Time ◽  
Essential Information ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Artificial Lighting ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Perceptions Of Safety

The effect that the physical characteristics of urban design have on the pedestrian’s perceptions of safety is a fundamental aspect of city planning. This is particularly so with street crossings, where the pedestrian has to make a decision. This paper analyses how pedestrians are affected by number of traffic lanes, lighting colour temperature, and nearby vegetation as they cross roads. Perceptions of safety were quantified by means of the psychological and neurophysiological responses of 60 participants to 16 virtual reality scenarios (4 day and 12 night), based on existing urban design variables. The results showed differences between night-time and daytime scenarios, which suggests that there is a need to analyse both situations. As to the design guidelines, it was observed that safety is improved by reducing the number of traffic lanes and nearby vegetation, and by using a lighting colour temperature of 4500 K. However, the analysis of the variables showed that combined effects produce different results to those obtained from the analysis of individual elements. This result is essential information for urban managers in their assessments of whether particular interventions will improve crossing points.

scholarly journals Approaching Urban Design through the Analysis of Structural Differences within Three Neighborhood Typologies in Basra City

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qaaid Al-Saraify ◽  
David Grierson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Master Planning ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Planning And Design ◽  
Physical Environments ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Urban Planning And Design ◽  
Design Characteristics ◽  
Objectively Measured

Recognizing the importance of physical environments as a major product of an urban design process for the livability of the built environment, this study focuses on urban planning and design characteristics within three different neighborhood typologies of Basra City. The aim of the study is to support future urban developments in the city based on evidences from the association between the current qualities of neighborhood design and the computed walking minutes of residents. These characteristics are determined from reviewed literature in urban design as reliable physical environmental perceived or objectively measured qualities. The methodology of this study describes four steps of analysis such as: (1) the use of the cadastral maps of the case studies as a source of raw information for objective measurement; (2) the use of objective and subjective measures as defining indicators that are utilized from previous studies; (3) the application of defined indicators for the selected neighborhoods through a comparative analysis; and (4) the conducting of statistical analysis to reveal the influence of the defined indicators on the walking. The findings of this study have led to conclusions on the importance of design attributes to future master planning of neighborhoods especially those of the traditional neighborhood, such as the Al-Saymmar neighborhood in Basra city.

Automobile Ownership and Use in Neotraditional and Conventional Neighborhoods

2005 ◽  
Vol 1902 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Shay ◽  
Asad J. Khattak
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Household Size ◽  
Matched Pair ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
Automobile Ownership ◽  
Planning Strategies ◽  
Automobile Use ◽  
The Relationship

Although the commonly accepted link between automobile ownership and automobile use has inspired some municipalities to experiment with neighborhood design in an attempt to influence both automobile ownership and travel behavior, the underlying relationship between neighborhood design and automobile ownership is still unclear. Evidence suggests that automobile ownership is tightly linked to income and household size and is less responsive to urban design. This research uses data from a matched pair of neighborhoods–-one conventional and one neotraditional–-to consider the relationship between neighborhood design and automobile ownership and the relationship between these factors and automobile use. Statistically significant differences were found for automobile ownership in the two neighborhoods. In addition, there were clear differences in automobile use–-residents of neotraditional developments made fewer automobile trips, traveled fewer miles in their vehicles, and spent less time driving. This has implications for planning strategies that may help reduce automobile trips and miles separately from changes in automobile ownership.

scholarly journals Seizing the opportunity?: how sustainable urban design will feature in the redevelopment of the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Benjamin Speedy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Design ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Central City ◽  
Design Matrix ◽  
Address Climate Change ◽  
Design Variables ◽  
Mixed Use ◽  
Street Layout ◽  
Implementation Data ◽  
Change Concerns

<p>Following devastating earthquakes in 2010 and 2011 in Christchurch, there is an opportunity to use sustainable urban design variables to redevelop the central city in order to address climate change concerns and reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport. Literature from a variety of disciplines establishes that four sustainable urban design variables; increased density, mixed-use development, street layout and city design, and the provision of sustainable public transport, can reduce car dependency and vehicle kilometres travelled within urban populations- widely regarded as indicators of the negative environmental effects of transport.  The key question for the research is; to what extent has this opportunity been seized by NZ’s Central Government who are overseeing the central city redevelopment? In order to explore this question the redevelopment plans for the central city of Christchurch are evaluated against an adapted urban design matrix to determine whether a reduction in CO₂ emissions from land transport is likely to be achieved through their implementation. Data obtained through interviews with experts is used to further explore the extent to which sustainable urban design variables can be employed to enhance sustainability and reduce CO₂ emissions.  The analysis of this data shows that the four urban design variables will feature in the Central Government’s redevelopment plans although the extent to which they are employed and their likely success in reducing CO₂ emissions will vary. Ultimately, the opportunity to redevelop the central city of Christchurch to reduce CO₂ emissions from land transport will be undermined due to timeframe, co-ordination, and leadership barriers.</p>

Neighborhood Supply Issues

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlon Boarnet ◽  
Randall C. Crane
Keyword(s):  
Built Environment ◽  
Urban Design ◽  
Travel Behavior ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Empirical Work ◽  
Neighborhood Design ◽  
The Cost ◽  
In Transit ◽  
Insight Into

Chapter 3 reviewed the literature regarding the influence of the built environment on travel behavior, and chapter 4 then described one way the issue might be usefully studied. The empirical work in chapter 5 provided intriguing results while illuminating some complex issues that remain unresolved in the analysis of urban design and travel behavior. Overall, our analysis thus far suggests that the link between the built environment and travel is intimately tied to the how urban form influences the cost of travel, and that the effect of design is complex in ways not adequately appreciated in most policy discussions. Neighborhood design in particular might affect automobile travel, but we still have much to learn about the nature, generality, and policy role of any such link. That said, our analysis so far has been conventional in that it has focused on travel behavior. Yet that is only half of the story. It is also important to understand whether and how alternative land-use strategies might be more broadly implemented. Having sketched out the role of the demand for travel in understanding the impacts of urban form on trip making, we now examine the supply of urban form. Put another way, how do communities shape cities toward transportation ends? As discussed in chapter 3, a major difficulty in empirical work on travel behavior and urban design is that persons might choose residential locations based in part on how they wish to travel. Those who prefer walking are more likely to choose to live in pedestrian-friendly neighborhoods. People who prefer to commute by rail are more likely to live in transit-oriented developments. If so, then simply looking at differences in travel patterns across different neighborhoods does not give insight into how urban design causes persons to travel differently. It is possible that urban design might not lead persons to travel differently at all, at least not in the sense of changing the way they desire to travel. If there are an adequate number of communities providing less auto-dependent environments, then building more might have no influence on travel behavior.

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