Geospatial spread of e-cigarette vape shops in South Africa and the relationship with tobacco product use among adults

Abstract Introduction This study assesses the relationship between tobacco/e-cigarette marketing exposure and single, dual, and polytobacco product use, among adolescents. Given the increased use of noncigarette tobacco products (eg, cigars, e-cigarettes, hookah) among youth, it is imperative to understand if marketing exposure is associated with dual and polytobacco product use. Methods Data were obtained from the 2014 National Youth Tobacco Survey and weighted to be representative of US middle and high school students. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess the relationships between product marketing (via internet, print, retail, and TV/movies) and past 30-day single, dual, and poly (three or more) tobacco product use. Three analyses were conducted using different categories as referent groups to allow for comprehensive examination of the relationships between all groups. Results Marketing exposure was significantly correlated with a greater risk of single, dual, and polytobacco product use relative to nonusers. Relative to single product users, product marketing exposure was significantly correlated with a greater relative risk of dual and polytobacco use. There was no statistical difference in the association of marketing exposure between dual and polytobacco use, in any model. Conclusion A positive relationship between tobacco product marketing exposure and number of tobacco products used was observed. The magnitude of the relationship grew from single product to dual/poly use. Restrictions of marketing of all tobacco products, similar to cigarettes, particularly in the retail setting, should be considered. Implications This study has two primary public health implications. First, self-reported exposure to tobacco/e-cigarette marketing is widespread among adolescents of all tobacco product categories. Second, this widespread exposure to tobacco/e-cigarette marketing appears to not only be correlated with use of a single tobacco product (eg, cigarettes, e-cigarettes), but also multiple tobacco products. While longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the relationships observed in this study, findings justify further study given the known relationship between tobacco marketing exposure and subsequent cigarette use.

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An Investigation into the Relationship between Decision-Making Bias and Strategic Business Failure Business Case Study: Eskom South Africa

SSRN Electronic Journal ◽

10.2139/ssrn.3071103 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Patricia Sparrow

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Decision Making ◽

Business Case ◽

Business Failure ◽

Business Case Study ◽

The Relationship

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HIV and cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic and Health Survey data for 4 countries

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-11218-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Leonard E. Egede ◽

Rebekah J. Walker ◽

Patricia Monroe ◽

Joni S. Williams ◽

Jennifer A. Campbell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Health Survey ◽

Survey Design ◽

Logistic Models ◽

Population Data ◽

Demographic And Health Survey ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Investigate the relationship between two common cardiovascular diseases and HIV in adults living in sub-Saharan Africa using population data provided through the Demographic and Health Survey. Methods Data for four sub-Saharan countries were used. All adults asked questions regarding diagnosis of HIV, diabetes, and hypertension were included in the sample totaling 5356 in Lesotho, 3294 in Namibia, 9917 in Senegal, and 1051 in South Africa. Logistic models were run for each country separately, with self-reported diabetes as the first outcome and self-reported hypertension as the second outcome and HIV status as the primary independent variable. Models were adjusted for age, gender, rural/urban residence and BMI. Complex survey design allowed weighting to the population. Results Prevalence of self-reported diabetes ranged from 3.8% in Namibia to 0.5% in Senegal. Prevalence of self-reported hypertension ranged from 22.9% in Namibia to 0.6% in Senegal. In unadjusted models, individuals with HIV in Lesotho were 2 times more likely to have self-reported diabetes (OR = 2.01, 95% CI 1.08–3.73), however the relationship lost significance after adjustment. Individuals with HIV were less likely to have self-reported diabetes after adjustment in Namibia (OR = 0.29, 95% CI 0.12–0.72) and less likely to have self-reported hypertension after adjustment in Lesotho (OR = 0.63, 95% CI 0.47–0.83). Relationships were not significant for Senegal or South Africa. Discussion HIV did not serve as a risk factor for self-reported cardiovascular disease in sub-Saharan Africa during the years included in this study. However, given the growing prevalence of diabetes and hypertension in the region, and the high prevalence of undiagnosed cardiovascular disease, it will be important to continue to track and monitor cardiovascular disease at the population level and in individuals with and without HIV. Conclusions The odds of self-reported diabetes in individuals with HIV was high in Lesotho and low in Namibia, while the odds of self-reported hypertension in individuals with HIV was low across all 4 countries included in this study. Programs are needed to target individuals that need to manage multiple diseases at once and should consider increasing access to cardiovascular disease management programs for older adults, individuals with high BMI, women, and those living in urban settings.

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Examining the Relationship Between Resources and the Likelihood to Participate in Formal Volunteering in Post-apartheid South Africa

VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations ◽

10.1007/s11266-021-00341-x ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Dineo Seabe ◽

Ronelle Burger

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Formal Volunteering ◽

The Relationship

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Differences in Tobacco Product Use by Sexual Orientation and Violence Factors Among United States Youth

The Journal of Pediatrics ◽

10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.02.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Ariella R. Tabaac ◽

Brittany M. Charlton ◽

Andy S.L. Tan ◽

Caroline O. Cobb ◽

Megan E. Sutter

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Sexual Orientation ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Product Use

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Polytobacco product use among current cigarette smokers in Hong Kong, China: results from population surveys (2015–17)

BMC Public Health ◽

10.1186/s12889-021-10341-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

S. L. Chau ◽

M. P. Wang ◽

Y. Wu ◽

D. Y. T. Cheung ◽

A. Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Control Policy ◽

Tobacco Product ◽

Cigarette Use ◽

Related Factors ◽

Cigarette Smokers ◽

Tobacco Products ◽

Product Use ◽

Younger Age ◽

Current Cigarette ◽

Age And Sex

Abstract Background Polytobacco product use is increasingly popular, but little is known about the prevalence, trend, and factors of such use particularly in non-western countries. Method A representative sample of 1139 current cigarette smokers aged 15+ (84.1% male) were telephone interviewed in Tobacco Control Policy-related Surveys in 2015–2017. Information collected included poly-tobacco use (PTU), smoking and socio-demographic characteristics. Associations of current PTU with related factors were analyzed using logistic regression with adjustment for confounders. Prevalence was weighted by age and sex of current cigarette users in the general population. Results Eighty-four point one percent (95% CI 81.4–86.6%) were exclusive cigarette smokers. Fifteen point nine percent (13.4–18.6%) were current polytobacco product users, 12.3% (10.2–14.8%) used one tobacco product and 2.52% (1.59–3.97%) used two tobacco products in addition to cigarette. Cigarette use with cigar was more common (6.28%, 4.75–8.27%), and the least used product with cigarette was e-cigarette (1.05%, 0.44–2.50%). The changes in overall prevalence of PTU by number of products use varied in 3 years. Current PTU was associated with being male (AOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.12–3.61), younger age (AORs range from 1.34–4.65, P for trend < .001) and less ready to quit (2.08, 1.09–3.97). Conclusions Prevalence of PTU increased slowly by year, one tobacco product use with cigarette was more common. The most used tobacco product with cigarette was cigar. Being male, younger and less ready to quit were associated with current PTU.

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Carnivore Size and Quaternary Climatic Change in Southern Africa

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/0033-5894(86)90089-x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 153-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Richard G. Klein

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Geochemical Data ◽

Mathematical Relationship ◽

Carnivore Species ◽

Quantitative Estimates ◽

The Relationship ◽

Problematic Aspect ◽

Cool Conditions

The relationship between carnassial length and latitude south is analyzed for 17 African carnivore species to determine if individuals tend to be larger in cooler climates, as predicted by Bergmann's Rule. With modern data in support, middle and late Quaternary temperatures might then be inferred from mean carnassial length in fossil samples, such as those from Equus Cave, Elandsfontein, Sea Harvest. Duinefontein, and Swartklip in the Cape Province of South Africa. One problematic aspect of the study is the use of carnassial length and latitude as necessary but imperfect substitutes for body size and temperature, respectively. For some species, another difficulty is the relatively small number of available modern specimens, combined with their uneven latitudinal spread. Still, in 14 of the species, carnassial length does tend to increase with latitude south, while mean carnassial length in the same species tends to be greater in those fossil samples which accumulated under relatively cool conditions, as inferred from sedimentologic, palynological, or geochemical data. Given larger modern samples from a wide variety of latitudes, refinement of the mathematical relationship between carnassial length and latitude in various species may even permit quantitative estimates of past temperatures in southern Africa.

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A comparison of the relationship between parental efficacy and social support systems of single teen mothers across different family forms in South African low socioeconomic communities

BMC Women s Health ◽

10.1186/s12905-021-01300-w ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Samantha L. Coert ◽

Babatope O. Adebiyi ◽

Edna Rich ◽

Nicolette V. Roman

Keyword(s):

Social Support ◽

South Africa ◽

Parenting Practices ◽

Support Systems ◽

Pearson Correlation ◽

Self Report ◽

Teen Mothers ◽

Parental Efficacy ◽

Social Support Systems ◽

The Relationship

Abstract Background Teenage parenting is recognised as one of the greatest health and social problems in South Africa. Research in South Africa has shown that by the age of 18 years, more than 30% of teens have given birth at least once. Teen mothers may feel disempowered because they are ‘othered’ and consequently, may develop forms of resistance which in most cases may inhibit their ability to parent. Social support is therefore, an imperative intervention for successful teen parenting but this is not clearly understood in South Africa. This study aimed to compare the relationship between parental efficacy and social support systems of single teen mothers across different family forms. Methods A quantitative methodology with a cross-sectional comparative correlation design was conducted with 160 single teen mothers who resided with a family in a low socio-economic community. The participants completed a self-report questionnaire that comprised of the Social Provisions Scale, and the Parenting Sense of Competence scale. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used to investigate the data. Results A significant positive relationship between social support and parental efficacy was found. When comparing different family forms, single teen mothers’ residing with one parent reported greater levels of parental efficacy and single teen mothers’ residing with two parents, re-counted high levels of social support under the subscales; guide, reliable and nurture. However, when computing for guardian-skip generation, results show that there is no significant relationship between parental efficacy and social support. As well as no correlation across subscales of social support. Conclusion The positive relationships between social support and parental efficacy are important for planning and applying parenting programmes amongst single teen mothers and facilitating awareness regarding the importance of social support and family forms when considering parenting practices.

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