scholarly journals Diverted Gaze Captures Attention Easier Than Direct Gaze

2021 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. S194-S195
Author(s):  
Enguang Chen ◽  
Hailing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Direct Gaze

Exophoria: clinical features, diagnosis, treatment. The modern view on the problem. Literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
O.A. Lipunova ◽  
◽  
I.L. Plisov ◽  
V.V. Cherhykh ◽  
N.G. Antsiferova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Type A ◽  
The State ◽  
Type A Pattern ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Modern View ◽  
Convergence Insufficiency ◽  
Horizontal Type ◽  
Type V ◽  
Gaze Position

Purpose. Create a summary classification of exophoria. To propose an optimal algorithm for optometric and surgical methods of treatment. A modern view of the problem. It is optimal to subdivide exophoria according to the state of the vergent-duction balance into divergence excess, basic exophoria, convergence insufficiency, divergence pseudo-excess, lateral gaze incomitance. By the degree of compensation for compensated, subcompensated, uncompensated, decompensated. In combination with alphabetic pattern for exophoria without pattern, exophoria in combination with horizontal type A pattern, exophoria in combination with vertical type A pattern, exophoria in combination with horizontal type V pattern, exophoria in combination with vertical type V pattern. Features of optimal optical and prismatic correction depend on the state of the vergent-duction balance. In cases of exophoria without pattern surgical treatment is carried out during the transition from a state of subcompensation to non-compensation. In case of exophoria with horizontal-type alphabetical pattern, combined horizontal-transpositional surgery is optimal: elimination of exophoria, the protocol is based on the amount of deviation in the direct gaze position; elimination of the pattern, the protocol is based on vertical transposition of muscles of horizontal action. In cases of exophoria with vertical-type pattern, it is necessary to perform staged vertical-horizontal surgery: stage 1 – elimination of vertical heterotropy in adduction; stage 2 – elimination of exophoria (the protocol is based on the amount of deviation in the direct gaze position). Conclusions. The treatment protocol should be based on a reliably diagnosed diagnosis and consists at the pre-surgical stage in the optimal optical and prismatic correction, the appointment of orthopto-diplopto-prismatic treatment. The effectiveness of treatment is assessed by the dynamics of the disease: the magnitude of exodeviation and the stage of compensation. The protocol of surgical treatment must be reasonable and timely. Key words: exophoria, divergence excess, convergence insufficiency, basic exotropia, lateral gaze incomitance, alphabet pattern.

Effects of unilateral frontal eye-field lesions on eye-head coordination in monkey

1986 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 696-714 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. van der Steen ◽  
I. S. Russell ◽  
G. O. James
Keyword(s):  
Visual Search ◽  
Search Task ◽  
Visual Search Task ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Head Movements ◽  
Frontal Eye Field ◽  
Behavioral Task ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Relative Neglect ◽  
Eye Field

We studied the effects of unilateral frontal eye-field (FEF) lesions on eye-head coordination in monkeys that were trained to perform a visual search task. Eye and head movements were recorded with the scleral search coil technique using phase angle detection in a homogeneous electromagnetic field. In the visual search task all three animals showed a neglect for stimuli presented in the field contralateral to the lesion. In two animals the neglect disappeared within 2-3 wk. One animal had a lasting deficit. We found that FEF lesions that are restricted to area 8 cause only temporary deficits in eye and head movements. Up to a week after the lesion the animals had a strong preference to direct gaze and head to the side ipsilateral to the lesion. Animals tracked objects in contralateral space with combined eye and head movements, but failed to do this with the eyes alone. It was found that within a few days after the lesion, eye and head movements in the direction of the target were initiated, but they were inadequate and had long latencies. Within 1 wk latencies had regained preoperative values. Parallel with the recovery on the behavioral task, head movements became more prominent than before the lesion. Four weeks after the lesion, peak velocity of the head movement had increased by a factor of two, whereas the duration showed a twofold decrease compared with head movements before the lesion. No effects were seen on the duration and peak velocity of gaze. After the recovery on the behavioral task had stabilized, a relative neglect in the hemifield contralateral to the lesion could still be demonstrated by simultaneously presenting two stimuli in the left and right visual hemifields. The neglect is not due to a sensory deficit, but to a disorder of programming. The recovery from unilateral neglect after a FEF lesion is the result of a different orienting behavior, in which head movements become more important. It is concluded that the FEF plays an important role in the organization and coordination of eye and head movements and that lesions of this area result in subtle but permanent changes in eye-head coordination.

Affective-motivational brain responses to direct gaze in children with autism spectrum disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 53 (7) ◽  
pp. 790-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Kylliäinen ◽  
Simon Wallace ◽  
Marc N. Coutanche ◽  
Jukka M. Leppänen ◽  
James Cusack ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Brain Responses

The Stela of the Laws of Hammurabi and the Representation of Political Power

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-48
Author(s):  
Pamela Barmash
Keyword(s):  
Political Power ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Stone Monument ◽  
Cultural Power ◽  
Set Up

This chapter explains how the Stela (stone monument) of the Laws of Hammurabi was employed as a manifestation of political power. A royal investiture scene is at the top of the Stela, and the artist manipulated the imagery cleverly to enhance the legitimacy and authority of Hammurabi. Standard imagery is skillfully reconfigured to exalt him. The king stands alone before Shamash, the god of justice, and the direct gaze between them symbolizes their close bond and the near equality of their status. Other elements in the imagery vividly promoted the message that Hammurabi had been exalted and authorized as king by the gods. It is not surprising, then, that a number of stelas inscribed with the Laws of Hammurabi were set up. Ironically, the Stela itself was seized centuries later by another king wanting to manifest his authority, and then by a modern state displaying its cultural power.

scholarly journals Direct gaze enhances interoceptive accuracy

Cognition ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 195 ◽  
pp. 104113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoko Isomura ◽  
Katsumi Watanabe
Keyword(s):  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Interoceptive Accuracy

scholarly journals Motor cost affects the decision of when to shift gaze for guiding movement

2019 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
pp. 378-388 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Javier Domínguez-Zamora ◽  
Daniel S. Marigold
Keyword(s):  
Center Of Mass ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Lateral Direction ◽  
Foot Placement ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Trial Basis ◽  
Motor Actions ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Brain

Frequent gait modifications are often required to navigate our world. These can involve long or wide steps or changes in direction. People generally prefer to minimize the motor cost (or effort) of a movement, although with changes in gait this is not always possible. The decision of when and where to shift gaze is critical for controlling motor actions, since vision informs the brain about the available choices for movement—in this case, where to step. Here we asked how motor cost influences the allocation of gaze. To address this, we had participants walk and step to the center of sequential targets on the ground. We manipulated the motor cost associated with controlling foot placement by varying the location of one target in the lateral direction on a trial-to-trial basis within environments with different numbers of targets. Costlier steps caused a switch from a gaze strategy of planning future steps to one favoring visual feedback of the current foot placement when participants had to negotiate another target immediately after. Specifically, costlier steps delayed gaze shifts away from the manipulated target. We show that this relates to the cost of moving the leg and redirecting the body’s center of mass from target to target. Overall, our results suggest that temporal gaze decisions are affected by motor costs associated with step-to-step demands of the environment. Moreover, they provide insight into what affects the coordination between the eyes and feet for the control of stable and accurate foot placement while walking. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Changes in gait allow us to navigate our world. For instance, one may step long or wide to avoid a spilled drink. The brain can direct gaze to gather relevant information for making these types of motor decisions; however, the factors affecting gaze allocation in natural behaviors are poorly understood. We show how the motor cost associated with a step influences the decision of when to redirect gaze to ensure accurate foot placement while walking.

Digital visual engagement: influencing purchase intentions on Instagram

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 362-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiara Valentini ◽  
Stefania Romenti ◽  
Grazia Murtarelli ◽  
Marta Pizzetti
Keyword(s):  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Product Category ◽  
Purchase Intentions ◽  
Visual Communications ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Product Categories ◽  
Direct Gaze ◽  
Intention To Purchase ◽  
Visual Engagement ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of visual communications on Instagram users’ propensity to engage with image-based content through online behaviors such as liking, sharing, commenting and following, and their intention to purchase the product depicted in the visual communications.Design/methodology/approachAn experimental design was used to measure the effect of branded Instagram images on a sample of active Instagram users. Two features of Instagram images (subject’s gaze: direct vs indirect; product salience: low vs high) were manipulated and their interactive effect tested on online behaviors.FindingsThe paper offers empirical evidence that direct gaze and high product salience positively affect digital visual engagement. Moreover, digital visual engagement influences intention to purchase.Research limitations/implicationsThe hypotheses were tested on a single product category and on only two image-based features. Further studies might replicate the experiment on different product categories and include different image-based features.Practical implicationsThis empirical study can offer communication managers important information on the image-based features that are most effective in increasing digital visual engagement and positively influencing purchase intentions in visual communications.Originality/valueThe study empirically demonstrates that the choice of specific image-based features in visual communication matters for increasing digital visual engagement among Instagram users.

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