Lesion of the urethra and corpus spongiosum in the event of a misstep of the coitus without fracture of the corpus cavernosum: About one case

ABSTRACT: The penis represents the organ of the male’s copulation. It is essential to know the reproductive biology and the morphology of the reproductive organs to increase animal production. In order to contribute to this knowledge and provides information on the ram reproductive morphology, the purpose of this work was to describe the distribution, based on light microscopy, of the collagen and elastic fibers in the ram penis. For that, were collected transverse fragments of the penis (root, sigmoid flexure, body and glans) of seven rams. The specimens were fixed in paraformaldehyde for 24h and destined for the histological routine. The extracellular matrix of the ram penis was composed of collagen and elastic fibers. The penis was enveloped by the tunica albuginea, consisting essentially of collagen fibers, which were arranged in two layers: an outer longitudinal and an inner circular. This tunic emitted septa that penetrated the corpus cavernosum. The elastic fibers appeared transversely and longitudinally in the corpus cavernosum, corpus spongiosum, and next to the neurovascular bundle of the penis. This structure was not different to that reported for other domestic ruminants such as cattle and buffaloes.

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Role of estrogen in induction of penile dysmorphogenesis: a review

Reproduction ◽

10.1530/rep-07-0207 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 134 (2) ◽

pp. 199-208 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

H O Goyal ◽

T D Braden ◽

C S Williams ◽

J W Williams

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Smooth Muscle Cells ◽

Direct Action ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Muscle Cells ◽

Estrogen Receptor Α ◽

Corpus Spongiosum ◽

Adult Rats ◽

Critical Window ◽

Estrogen Exposure

In this review, we report permanent dysmorphogenesis of the penis and loss of fertility in adult rats treated neonatally with estrogen. Specifically, we report replacement of smooth muscle cells and cavernous spaces by fat cells in the corpus cavernosum penis, but not in the adjoining corpus spongiosum. Induction of these novel, region-specific phenotypes is dose-dependent, requires a critical window of exposure and associated with decreased testosterone and up-regulation of estrogen receptor α (ERα). The resistance of ERα knockout mice to develop these abnormalities implies an unequivocal role for ERα in mediating maldevelopment of the penis. Additionally, the prevention of estrogen-inducible penile abnormalities by ER antagonist ICI 182 780 implies that a functional ER-mediated pathway is essential for inducing penile abnormalities. Likewise, the ability of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone to negate these abnormalities suggests a role for an androgen receptor (AR)-mediated pathway. Taken together, these observations led us to hypothesize that neonatal estrogen exposure, via an ER-mediated pathway (direct action) or an AR-mediated pathway (indirect action through decreased testosterone) or both pathways, up-regulates ERα expression in stromal cells of the penis, which are then reprogrammed such that their differentiation into smooth muscle cells is inhibited and their differentiation into adipocytes is stimulated.

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Effects of castration on penile extracellular matrix morphology in domestic cats

Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery ◽

10.1177/1098612x16689405 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 19 (12) ◽

pp. 1261-1266 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Nathalia CS Borges ◽

Marco A Pereira-Sampaio ◽

Vivian Alves Pereira ◽

Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo ◽

Maurício Alves Chagas

Keyword(s):

Extracellular Matrix ◽

Tunica Albuginea ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Collagen Fibers ◽

Elastic Fibers ◽

Corpus Spongiosum ◽

Predisposing Factor ◽

Luminal Area ◽

Matrix Morphology ◽

Student’S T

Objectives This study was undertaken to verify the possible modifications caused by hormonal deprivation in the extracellular matrix in the penises of neutered cats. Methods Twenty-seven penises from domestic shorthair cats were collected: 14 samples from intact cats and 13 from neutered cats. Sections were stained with Weigert’s resorcin-fuchsin, hematoxylin and eosin, and picrosirius red. Histomorphometric analysis was performed using light microscopy and image analysis software. The following parameters were analyzed: density of the elastic fibers and collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum; density of the elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum and the tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum; luminal area of the urethra; area of the corpus spongiosum; area of the corpus cavernosum; and thickness of the urethral epithelium. The data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk test to verify the normal distribution, and groups were compared using Student’s t-test; P <0.05 indicated statistically significant differences. Results Significant differences were observed between intact cats and neutered cats in the density of elastic fibers in the tunica albuginea of the corpus cavernosum (8.13% ± 1.38% vs 3.11% ± 0.66%), tunica albuginea of the corpus spongiosum (4.37% ± 1.08% vs 3.30% ± 1.01%) and corpus spongiosum (6.28% ± 3.03% vs 4.10% ± 2.19%), and density of collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum (34.11% ± 10.86% vs 44.21% ± 12.72%). Conclusions and relevance The results show a significant decrease in the density of the elastic fibers and a significant increase of the density of the collagen fibers in the corpus spongiosum in neutered animals. This suggests that the compliance of the periurethral region is reduced, and these changes could be a predisposing factor for urethral obstructive disease.

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The Histology and Physiology of the Corpus Spongiosum and the Corpus Cavernosum, &c., &c.,* in Man.

The Monthly Microscopical Journal ◽

10.1111/j.1365-2818.1873.tb02229.x ◽

1873 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

pp. 16-28

Author(s):

Alex. W. Stein

Keyword(s):

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Corpus Spongiosum

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Stereological study of the elastic fiber and smooth muscle cell system in the bovine and buffalo penis

Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0100-736x2013001300017 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 33 (suppl 1) ◽

pp. 107-112 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ilma C.A. Ribeiro ◽

Marcelo Abidu-Figueiredo ◽

Fabíola B. Costa ◽

Marco A. Pereira-Sampaio ◽

Maurício A. Chagas

Keyword(s):

Smooth Muscle ◽

Elastic System ◽

Tunica Albuginea ◽

Elastic Fiber ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Volume Density ◽

Cell System ◽

Elastic Fibers ◽

Corpus Spongiosum ◽

Significant Difference

Samples of ten penises of Mediterranean buffaloes and ten penises of Red Sindhi cattle were used. The thickness of the tunica albuginea (TA), distribution of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and volume density (Vv) of elastic system fibers in TA, corpus cavernosum (CC) and corpus spongiosum (CS) were evaluated. The Vv of elastic system fibers in buffalo and bovine penis was respectively 4.07% ±0.88% and 3.36% ±1.21% in TA; 17.32% ±2.21% and 13.14% ±1.27% (CC), 26.58% ±4.31% and 31.36% ±3.67% (CS). The CC of buffalo presented higher Vv of elastic fibers than bovine, while in the CS the Vv of elastic fibers in buffaloes was smaller than in cattle. The TA thickness showed a significant difference among the species studied. The arrangement of SMC in the bovine penises and in the water buffalo suggests that this pattern is common to animals that have fibroelastic penises.

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Fracture penis: rare occurrence

International Surgery Journal ◽

10.18203/2349-2902.isj20184656 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (11) ◽

pp. 3747

Author(s):

Akhilesh Kumar Yadav ◽

Sankalp Dwivedi ◽

Sagar Bassi ◽

Sunil Kumar Singh

Keyword(s):

Blunt Trauma ◽

Tunica Albuginea ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Penile Curvature ◽

Corpus Spongiosum ◽

Penile Fracture ◽

Immediate Surgery ◽

Almost All ◽

Erect Penis

Fracture Penis is not usual. It is a tear in the tunica albuginea of the corpora cavernosa with or without involvement of corpus spongiosum and urethra. The usual cause is abrupt bending of the erect penis by blunt trauma, most commonly during sexual intercourse. A crackling sound, pain, detumescences, bruising, swelling, and bleeding per urethra are the common symptoms reported by the patients. Early surgical management is treatment of choice. Diagnosis of Penile Fracture refers to a rupture of the corpus cavernosum induced by blunt trauma to erect penis. Mainly diagnosed clinically from their stereotypical crackling sound from the erect penis at the moment of injury, rapidly followed by acute swelling, pain and penile deformity. Treatment recommendations include immediate exploration and repair. Surgical repair requires evacuation of hematoma, identification of tear, repair of the tear and ligation of any disrupted vasculature. Long term complications after repair include penile deviation, painful intercourse, painful erection and erectile dysfunction. The diagnosis of penile fracture is mostly clinical. Based on physical examination and typical crackling sound at the time of injury. Prompt surgical exploration and repair are advocated in almost all cases. Immediate surgery reduces long term complication which is post-traumatic penile curvature.

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Communication between the corpus cavernosum penis and the corpus spongiosum penis in a bull diagnosed by modified contrast cavernosography: A case report

Theriogenology ◽

10.1016/0093-691x(90)90534-z ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 577-581 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R.O. Gilbert ◽

S.S. van den Berg

Keyword(s):

Case Report ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Corpus Spongiosum

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The Unique Penile Morphology of the Short-Beaked Echidna, Tachyglossus aculeatus

Sexual Development ◽

10.1159/000515145 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-10

Author(s):

Jane C. Fenelon ◽

Caleb McElrea ◽

Geoff Shaw ◽

Alistair R. Evans ◽

Michael Pyne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Flow ◽

Corpus Cavernosum ◽

Glans Penis ◽

Corpus Spongiosum ◽

Therian Mammal ◽

Reproductive Characteristics ◽

Penile Artery ◽

Historical References ◽

Tachyglossus Aculeatus

Monotremes diverged from therian mammal ancestors approximately 184 million years ago and have a number of novel reproductive characteristics. One in particular is their penile morphology. There are differences between echidna and platypus phalluses, but both are somewhat similar in structure to the reptilian phallus. The echidna penis consists of 4 rosette glans, each of which contains a termination of the quadrifurcate urethra, but it appears that only 2 of the 4 glans become erect at any one time. Despite this, only a few historical references describe the structure of the echidna penis and none provides an explanation for the mechanisms of unilateral ejaculation. This study confirmed that the echidna penis contains many of the same overall structures and morphology as other mammalian penises and a number of features homologous with reptiles. The corpus cavernosum is well supplied with blood, extends up to the base of the glans penis and is primarily responsible for erection. However, the echidna possesses 2 distinct corpora spongiosa separated by a septum, each of which surround the urethra only distal to the initial urethral bifurcation in the glans penis. Together with the bifurcation of the main penile artery, this provides a mechanism by which blood flow could be directed to only one corpus spongiosum at a time to maintain an open urethra that supplies 2 of the 4 glans to facilitate unilateral ejaculation.

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