Schema therapy for bipolar disorder: A conceptual model and future directions

"Grounded in cognitive theory, the schema therapy model of psychopathology proposes a set of maladaptive cognitive structures, called early maladaptive schemas, resulting from the invalidation of emotional needs. More recently, the schema therapy model has been adapted for use with depressed clients. However, the utility of addressing emotional needs in the psychotherapeutic treatment of depression has not been established. The present paper aims to provide a narrative review of the current literature on basic needs as motivational factors in depression and their relation to schematic functioning. Theoretical considerations and practical evidence on the use of constructs related to basic motivation in depression are drawn from the literature on the cognitive and schema therapy-based models of depression. The implications for the theoretical understanding of needs are discussed, as are future directions for the research of schematic functioning in depression."

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Conclusions and Future Directions for Group Schema Therapy

Group Schema Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder ◽

10.1002/9781119943167.ch13 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 295-301

Author(s):

Neele Reiss ◽

Joan M. Farrell ◽

Arnoud Arntz ◽

Jeffrey Young

Keyword(s):

Schema Therapy ◽

Future Directions

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Staging systems in bipolar disorder: current findings, future directions, and implications for clinical practice

Neuroprogression and Staging in Bipolar Disorder ◽

10.1093/med/9780198709992.003.0018 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 311-328

Author(s):

Flavio Kapczinski ◽

Eduard Vieta ◽

Pedro V. S. Magalhães ◽

Michael Berk

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Clinical Practice ◽

Future Directions ◽

Staging Systems

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The treatment of bipolar disorder in its early stages: current techniques, challenges, and future outlook

10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0003 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Ajeet B. Singh ◽

Harris A. Eyre ◽

Edward Callaly ◽

Michael Berk

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Early Intervention ◽

Early Stage ◽

Bipolar Disorders ◽

Future Directions ◽

Future Outlook ◽

Tailored Treatment ◽

Psychosocial Impacts ◽

Diet And Lifestyle ◽

Lines Of Evidence

The early intervention in psychiatry paradigm has offered the promise of improved tailored treatment. While pioneered in early psychosis, lines of evidence also suggest utility in early bipolar. A challenge is that the emergence of elevated states may post-date depression—preventing early diagnosis. Nonetheless, data suggests neuroprogression and an escalating diathesis to relapse occurs with successive episodes which may be impeded by early intervention. Mitigating psychosocial impacts, improving engagement, reducing the consequences of the progressive nature of the disorder, and enhancing adherence are key potential dividends of early intervention. This chapter provides an overview of the current literature, expert clinical opinions, and hints at future directions pertinent to early intervention. As genomics, informatics, and better appreciation of the importance of diet and lifestyle gain salience, there’s hope for a future rich with technologically enhanced tools to both sooner detect and intervene in early stage bipolar disorders to mitigate consequences.

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TMS in bipolar disorder

10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198568926.013.0041 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Nimrod Grisaru ◽

Bella Chudakov ◽

Alex Kaptsan ◽

Alona Shaldubina ◽

Julia Applebaum ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Bipolar Depression ◽

Unipolar Depression ◽

Future Directions ◽

Induced Mood ◽

Mood Effects ◽

Clinical Potential ◽

Depressive Episodes ◽

Lateral Specificity

This article reviews the existing animal and human literature on the clinical potential of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in mania and bipolar depression, and discusses potential future directions for this work. Studies of TMS in depression and normal volunteers suggested lateral specificity of TMS-induced mood effects. Clinical trials to compare left versus right prefrontal TMS in mania have been developed. Studies to understand the effect of TMS in bipolar depression have been undertaken. The results show efficacy similar to that for unipolar depression. But this does not provide support for the concept of TMS as an anti-bipolar, or mood-stabilizing, treatment. The utility of TMS as prophylaxis for subsequent manic or depressive episodes has not been reported in bipolar disorder. More work is needed to clarify the risk of mood switch, and the potential of TMS as prophylaxis against future manic or depressive episodes.

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Bipolar Disorder in Children Misdiagnosis, Underdiagnosis, and Future Directions

Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry ◽

10.1097/00004583-199506000-00010 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 34 (6) ◽

pp. 709-714 ◽

Cited By ~ 109

Author(s):

Elizabeth B. Weller ◽

Ronald A. Weller ◽

Mary A. Fristad

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Future Directions

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Psychosocial treatments for bipolar disorder: cost-effectiveness, mediating mechanisms, and future directions

Bipolar Disorders ◽

10.1111/j.1399-5618.2009.00715.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 110-122 ◽

Cited By ~ 97

Author(s):

David J Miklowitz ◽

Jan Scott

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Future Directions ◽

Psychosocial Treatments ◽

Mediating Mechanisms

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Bipolar disorder--methodological problems and future perspectives

Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience ◽

10.31887/dcns.2008.10.2/jangst ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 129-139 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Early Recognition ◽

Current Status ◽

Biological Research ◽

Central Position ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Self Assessment ◽

Major Depressive ◽

Future Directions ◽

Methodological Problems

Since its "rebirth" in 1966, bipolar disorder (BPD) has rapidly come to occupy a central position in the research and treatment of mood disorders. Compared with major depressive disorder (MDD), BPD is a more serious condition, characterized by much more frequent recurrence, more complex comorbidity, and higher mortality. One major problem is the lack of valid definitions in adult and in child psychiatry; the current definitions are unsatisfactory, and heavily favor an overdiagnosis of MDD. Biological research is partially based on those definitions, which have a short half-life. An additional, dimensional, approach, quantifying hypomania, depression, and anxiety by self-assessment and symptom checklists is recommended. A further, related problem is the early recognition of the onset of BPD, especially in adolescence, and the identification of correlates in childhood. Early and timely diagnosis of BPD is necessary to enable prompt intervention and secondary prevention of the disorder. The paper describes the current status and future directions of developing clinical concepts of bipolarity.

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