Sex differences in blushing and eye contact in mixed versus same-sex dyads

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. Drummond
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Same Sex

A theoretical analysis of sex differences in same-sex friendships

Sex Roles ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 349-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert J. Barth ◽  
Bill N. Kinder
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Same Sex

Sex Differences in Verbal Operant Conditioning

1964 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 259-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor J. Cieutat
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Negative Reinforcement ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Design Modification ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
Small Group Discussions ◽  
Verbal Operant ◽  
Conditioning Extinction

Two studies concerned effects of sex of Ss, sex of E, positive vs negative reinforcement (i.e., attention vs inattention), and time trends, on the conditioning and extinction of participation in structured and unstructured small group discussions. Previous results indicated reinforcement is effective only when administered by an E of the same sex as Ss. Present results did not support this expectation and also were not consistent with each other. Exp. I was partly consistent with expectation only when E was male; no conditioning was obtained by female Es. For Exp. II only the female E produced conditioning. Extinction effects in both experiments were inconsistent with expectation. In an earlier study (Cieutat, 1962) and in both Exps. I and II the same four factors were evaluated with some design modification, and were found to interact complexly and significantly ( p < .01, < .10, < .10, respectively). These interactions between sex of E, sex of Ss, reinforcement, and time, though significant in three independent evaluations, were so because of different trends in each case. These differences are discussed in terms of uncontrolled personality differences between Es and Ss.

Eye Contact, Facial Expression, Sex, and the Violation of Personal Space

1978 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 579-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeff Hughes ◽  
Morton Goldman
Keyword(s):  
Facial Expression ◽  
Eye Contact ◽  
Personal Space ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Female Confederate ◽  
Female Subjects

Two experiments carried out in a public elevator examined how variations in eye contact, facial expression, sex of subject and of experimental confederate affected the violation of personal space. The first experiment “forced” subjects (79 females and 105 males) to violate the personal space of male of female confederates who were either directing their gazes at the subjects or were avoiding eye contact by having their backs to entering passengers. In the first condition the confederates were both male while in the second condition both confederates were female. For male subjects, as eye contact increased from male and female confederates, violations of personal space decreased. Male subjects preferred to violate the personal space of the confederates who had their backs to them, regardless of the sex of the confederates. Female and male subjects responded similarly when the confederates were males. However, when the confederates were females, female subjects preferred to violate the space of the female confederate who gazed at them rather than the female confederate who had her back to them. In the second experiment the subjects (86 females and 90 males) were again “forced” to violate the personal space of two confederates of the same sex. In each of two conditions one of the confederates avoided gazing at entering subjects but the second confederate smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. Male subjects again preferred to violate the personal space of the confederate whose back was to them, regardless of the confederate's sex. Female subjects, however, preferred to violate the personal space of confederates who smiled while gazing directly at the entering subjects. This occurred for both male and female confederates.

Cultural and Sex Differences in Rating the Self and an Hypothetical Well-Adjusted Person on Jack's Divided Self and Care as Self-Sacrifice Subscales

1999 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Koutrelakos ◽  
A. J. Baranchik ◽  
N. Damato
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
The Self ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Divided Self ◽  
The Usa

Ratings of the self and of an hypothetical well-adjusted man and woman on the Divided Self and Care as Self-sacrifice subscales of the Silencing the Self Scale were obtained for samples of men and women in the USA and Greece. Factor analysis confirmed the items' assignment to subscales for each of the three sets of ratings. Generally, Greeks scored higher than Americans on both subscales. While men usually scored higher than women on the Care subscale in both countries, they only did so in Greece for the Divided Self. Women had greater discrepancies than men between their self and well-adjusted same-sex rating on both subscales in each country, with this sex difference being greater in Greece than the USA and greater on the Care subscale in both countries.

Intimacy and structure: Sex differences in imagery of same-sex relationships

Sex Roles ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 539-558 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Mazur ◽  
Rose R. Olver
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Same Sex

Measuring Direct and Indirect Aggression: Is There a Response Bias?

2005 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 563-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mat Gregoski ◽  
Wendi A. Malone ◽  
Deborah South Richardson
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Response Bias ◽  
Social Desirability ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Indirect Aggression ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Negative Behaviors ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Report Bias

Critics of self-report methods suggest that participants are likely to underreport their own negative behaviors given concerns about social desirability. The current study examined the problem of self-report bias by comparing individuals' estimates of their own and others' aggressive behavior. Undergraduate students (95 women, 50 men) completed the Richardson Conflict Response Questionnaire with regard to either their own behavior or that of another person of the same sex. As expected, participants reported significantly less aggression for themselves than for others. However, self and other ratings showed the same pattern of sex differences. These results suggest that, although individuals may underreport their own aggressive behaviors, this tendency may not affect relationships among variables.

Sex differences in same-sex friendship

Sex Roles ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
MaytaA. Caldwell ◽  
LetitiaAnne Peplau
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Same Sex
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