Indirect aggression, anxiety, and empathy: Disaggregating between and within person longitudinal associations during childhood and adolescence

Although indirectly aggressive behavior and anxiety symptoms can co-occur, it is unclear whether anxiety is an antecedent or outcome of indirect aggression at the individual level and whether other personality traits can contribute to these longitudinal associations. Therefore, the between- and within-person associations among indirect aggression, anxiety symptoms, and empathic concern were examined across adolescence from ages 11 to 16 in a cohort of individuals followed annually (N = 700; 52.9% girls; 76.0% White) controlling for direct aggression and demographic variables. Results of autoregressive latent trajectory models with structured residuals supported an acting out model at the within-person level. Specifically, anxiety symptoms positively predicted indirect aggression and indirect aggression negatively predicted empathic concern at each adjacent time point. These findings suggest that methods of reducing worries about the self and increasing healthy self-confidence could prevent indirect aggression and help build concern and compassion toward others.

Peer Aggression and Sexual Harassment among Young Adolescents in a School Context: A Comparative Study between Finland and Turkey

The study investigates peer aggression and sexual harassment among young adolescents in Finland and Turkey. Sex differences and the interaction effect between country of residence and sex are also examined. A questionnaire was completed by 1,747 adolescents (1, 268 from Finland, 479 from Turkey, Mage = 14.1). Six different forms of aggression (physical, verbal, indirect, cyber, verbal sexual harassment, physical sexual harassment) were examined. More adolescents from Turkey, and more boys, were found to be involved in aggression as both victims and perpetrators compared to adolescents from Finland and girls. The interaction effect was significant between country of residence and sex with being a boy from Turkey was related to having the highest involvement in cyber aggression, verbal sexual harassment, and physical sexual harassment, as both victim and perpetrator. Regarding victimization from indirect aggression, girls from Finland scored higher than Turkish girls, while boys from Turkey scored higher than Finnish boys.

Impact Analysis of the Subscale of Aggression in Depression and Anxiety, Among Adolescents Aged 16-18 Years- Case Study: High Secondary School ‘’Luciano Motroni’’ Prizren

Aggression is a phenomenon that encompasses some very significant subscales and can be manifested through aggressive behaviors, hostility to friends, anger, uncontrolled / inconsistent reactions, and verbal and indirect aggression. These factors need to be carefully considered and followed up with research in order to give young people room to improve behaviors and achieve high achievement, otherwise it can affect adolescent anxiety and depression. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of underlying aggression such as anger, hostility, verbal aggression, indirect aggression, inconsistent response to anxiety, and depression in adolescents aged 16-18. This study included three groups of students, 16 years old, 17 years old and 18 years old, with 50 adolescents in each group, so the total sample is 150 adolescents aged 16-18 years. The research belongs to the quantitative type and the case study was selected 'Luciano Motroni' High Secondary School in Prizren municipality during January 2020. Research results show that depression scales such as verbal aggression have an impact on anxiety and depression (rho = .163 *, p value = .047), anger (rho = .385 **, p value = .000), hostility (rho = .174 *, p value = .033), indirect aggression (rho = .261 **, p value = 001), and inconsistent response (rho = .170 *, p value = .037) which are statistically significant at 1 % and 5% confidence level. Compared to a research conducted in 2019, entitled '' Association between anxiety and aggression in adolescents: a cross-sectional study '' we see that aggression has a significant impact on youth anxiety. Thus, the subscales of aggression represent an important significant link in adolescent anxiety and depresion. Finally, we conclude that sub scales of aggression have a statistically significant impact on adolescent anxiety and depression among young people aged 16-18, in the municipality of Prizren. What we recommend is the training and support of young people during their secondary education journey.

Psychological condition of the children who were in quarantine for COVID-19 pandemic

Objective: We determined the features of psychoemotional condition of the children who wereunder quarantine restrictions for COVID-19pandemic for a long time. Methods and scope of research:We carried out the assessment of the psychoemotional condition of 52 adolescents who were in quarantine forCOVID-19 pandemic. The number of girls and boys among the surveyed was the same - 26 children of each gender. A "non-existent animal" projective test was used to assess the psychoemotional sphere of the children. We appliedthe psychometric method by Ch.D. Spielberg, Yu.L. Haninto determine the reactive anxiety (RА) and personal anxiety (PA). The questionnaire by A. Bass, A. Darki was used to single out the various aspects of the symptom complex of aggression and to calculate the index of aggression (IA) and the index of hostility (IH). Sleep quality was assessed with the help of the Pittsburgh Questionnaire. Results and discussion: Assessment of the psychoemotional condition of the children, who were in quarantine for COVID-19, showed the significant violationsin the majority of them (95.15%), which were characterized by the manifestations of anxiety (78.85%), aggression (59.62%) and exhaustion (15.38%). A high level of anxiety was found to be more often in the girls (25.00%), while in the boys, it was registered almost 2 times less (11.54%), and on the contrary, a high level of aggression in the combination with anxiety orwithout itwas determined more often in the boys (26.92%) than in the girls (13.46%). The frequency of exhaustionsymptom complex did not depend on gender. A more detailed description of the level of anxiety,performed with the help of psychometric methods Ch.D. Spielberg, Yu.L. Hanin, confirmed that the high levels of both personal and reactive anxiety were more inhering in the girls. Assessment ofthe forms of aggressive behavior showed that the manifestations of physical aggression and negativism were the most typical features for the boys, while the indirect aggression, resentment and guilt were observed in the girls more often. Thehighlevels of IA werefoundtooccur almost 3 times more oftenin theboys than in thegirls, whilethehighlevel of IH wasdetected equally often both inthegirls and intheboys. In the children who were in quarantine for COVID-19, psychoemotional conditions were often accompanied by sleep disorders, at the same time,they were observed more often in the girls than in the boys.

Differential Susceptibility or Diathesis-Stress: Testing the Moderating Role of Temperament and Cortisol Levels between Fathers’ Parenting and Children’s Aggressive Behavior

Aggression is a multidimensional behavior that could be caused by different biopsychosocial variables. The aim of this study was to explore whether temperament, cortisol and sex moderate the relation between fathers’ parenting style and aggressive behavior in school-aged children, and whether this corresponds to differential susceptibility or diathesis-stress. Participants were 158 children (88 boys and 70 girls) aged 8 years. Aggressive behavior was measured using the Direct and Indirect Aggression Scale and fathers informed about their child’s temperament and their own parenting style through the Children’s Behavior Questionnaire and the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (respectively). Children’s’ baseline saliva cortisol levels were analyzed through an enzyme immunoassay technique. The results revealed that high cortisol levels moderated the relation between fathers’ low levels of authoritative parenting and boys’ aggression. Moreover, high negative emotionality moderated the relation between permissive paternal parenting and girls’ aggressive behavior, with both these relations being consistent with the diathesis-stress theory.

Influence of students ‘ role identity on learning motivation

Problem and Purpose. The article deals with the problem of the conflict in the family between spouses, which subsequently has a destructive relationship for children. Purpose ‒ to determine the joint influence of the separation of one of the parents and the child and family conflict on child maladjustment and deviation Analyzed, available in scientific research, the presence of conflicting data. So in a number of works it is argued that family conflict is a central predictor for the occurrence of deviant behavior in children. Several other studies demonstrate the effect of parent-child separation on childhood deviation. To eliminate these contradictions, a study was carried out, involving the study of the joint influence of the above factors on the deviant behavior of adolescents. As an empirical group, there were 89 children registered in connection with committed crimes (theft, fights, etc.) and their parents, who filled out a special questionnaire in the amount of 158 people. A statistically significant joint effect of two factors was found, which was differentiated (p <0.05). When a child and a parent are separated, adolescents have more pronounced negativism, verbal and physical aggression, and with a high level of family conflict, adolescents are characterized by a greater tendency to violate social norms and rules, a high propensity for addictive behavior and pronounced indirect aggression. The study made it possible to draw an important conclusion that both family conflict and separation from parents predetermine the child’s behavioral and emotional problems. At the same time, parental separation does not increase the adolescent’s deviant behavior if the level of family conflict is low.

Preference for Religious Coping Strategies and Passive versus Active Coping Styles among Seniors Exhibiting Aggressive Behaviors

This article is theoretical and empirical. The theoretical part presents issues related to experiencing stress (including ways of coping with experienced problems) and the relationships between preference for various coping strategies and human behavior. The empirical part presents the results of research on the relationship between the frequency of seniors (n = 329) using 13 different ways to deal with experienced difficulties (including the strategy of turning to religion/religious coping) and 11 categories of aggressive behavior (retaliation tendencies, self-destructive tendencies, aggression control disorders, displaced aggression, unconscious aggressive tendencies, indirect aggression, instrumental aggression, self-hostility, physical aggression towards the environment, hostility towards the environment, and reactive aggression). The last part is devoted to a discussion on the obtained research results and the practical implications of using the strategy of turning to religion/religious coping in difficult situations as a factor protecting the elderly from aggressive behavior.

The Manifestation of Aggressiveness in Students of Technical University

This article examines the current student problem of our time – ways to implement intrapersonal conflict in aggressive forms of behavior, mechanisms of manifestation, gender characteristics of aggressiveness in the student environment. The theoretical part of the research defines the main concepts and modern concepts that the authors adhere to. Practical research is based on the identification and study of groups in the University student environment that are most prone to aggression; on the selection in groups of students who are prone to various types of aggression in the form of deviant behavior. The main tools of the research were methods and techniques: the Express survey developed by the authors; the A. bass-A. darky aggression questionnaire (BD); methods for diagnosing the tendency to deviate behavior (SOP); observation; Spearman's rank correlation coefficient method. In the course of the study, the following reliable conclusions were obtained. The girls were found to have weak volitional control of the emotional sphere in the manifestation of verbal, physical, indirect aggression, as well as irritability and suspicion. In young men, weakness of volitional control is correlated with irritability, indirect aggression, negativism, and resentment. Delinquent behavior is typical only for young men. Propensity to aggression and violence in the female sample of the risk group is associated with verbal, physical and indirect aggression as a way of detente. Female aggressiveness can manifest itself in a willingness to display negative reactions and an oppositional manner in behavior. In the male sample of the "risk" group, the propensity to aggression and violence have less pronounced correlations with negativism, and the most specific way to solve the situation is physical aggression. The authors suggest ways to conduct psychological and pedagogical work in higher education with students who have various forms of aggression.