Thermal sensitivity of escape response performance by the scallop Placopecten magellanicus: Impact of environmental history

It is generally believed that predation pressure may drive the evolution of long spines, a robust pelvic girdle, and a deep body in sticklebacks (Pisces: Gasterosteidae). However, the lack of such traits in environments under intense predation pressure suggests that there may be a limit to which these apparently defensive structures benefit sticklebacks. In some environments, well-developed defensive structures may not increase stickleback survival, but may actually reduce fitness if there is a cost associated with them. This paper focuses on a trade-off between defensive morphology and escape-response performance in the brook stickleback (Culaea inconstans). Our study of four populations of brook stickleback reveals that the population with the largest pelvic girdles and deepest bodies has a poorly developed escape response (i.e., small displacement, low maximum velocity, and low acceleration), while the population with the smallest pelvic girdles and shallowest bodies has a highly developed escape response. The two populations with intermediate defensive structures are intermediate in escape-response performance. Consideration of predation regimes in different environments may help us understand selection pressures that favor heavily versus poorly armored stickleback morphs.

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Do dietary carotenoids improve the escape-response performance of southern corroboree frog larvae?

Behaviour ◽

10.1163/1568539x-bja10036 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 157 (12-13) ◽

pp. 987-1006

Author(s):

Emma P. McInerney ◽

Aimee J. Silla ◽

Phillip G. Byrne

Keyword(s):

Larval Development ◽

Treatment Effect ◽

Escape Response ◽

Life Stage ◽

High Dose ◽

Life Stages ◽

Response Performance ◽

Developmental Point ◽

Early Larval Development ◽

Over Time

Abstract Dietary antioxidants can improve escape-response performance in adult vertebrates, but whether juveniles receive similar benefits remains untested. Here, we investigated the effect of two dietary carotenoids (β-carotene and lutein) on the escape-response of juvenile corroboree frogs (Pseudophryne corroboree) at two developmental points (early and late larval development). We found that burst speed was lower during late larval development compared to early larval development, particularly in the low- and high-dose lutein treatments. These findings suggest that performance decreased over time, and was reduced by lutein consumption. At each developmental point we found no treatment effect on escape-response, providing no evidence for carotenoid benefits. A previous study in corroboree frogs demonstrated that carotenoids improved adult escape-response, so our findings suggest that benefits of carotenoids in this species may be life-stage dependent. Continued investigation into how carotenoids influence escape-response at different life-stages will provide insights into mechanistic links between nutrition and behaviour.

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DAMPING IN THE HINGE OF THE SCALLOP PLACOPECTEN MAGELLANICUS

Journal of Experimental Biology ◽

10.1242/jeb.175.1.311 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 175 (1) ◽

pp. 311-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. A. Bowie ◽

J. D. Layes ◽

M. E. Demont

Keyword(s):

Natural Frequency ◽

Escape Response ◽

Placopecten Magellanicus ◽

The Family ◽

Seasonal Migrations

The family Pectinaceae are the only bivalves that have been well documented as swimmers (DeMont, 1992), although Ensis minor has been observed to swim (McMahon and McMahon, 1983). The behaviour was once regarded only as an escape response (Gade, 1981; McMahon and McMahon, 1983), but some studies suggest seasonal migrations are involved (Gruffydd, 1976; DeMont, 1990). DeMont (1990) suggests that they swim at the natural frequency of the shell-hinge system for more efficient use of energy.

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Escape responses by jet propulsion in scallops

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/cjz-2013-0004 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 91 (6) ◽

pp. 420-430 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Helga E. Guderley ◽

Isabelle Tremblay

Keyword(s):

Escape Response ◽

Reproductive Investment ◽

Adductor Muscle ◽

Exact Nature ◽

Escape Performance ◽

Locomotor System ◽

Jet Propulsion ◽

Functional Relationships ◽

Response Performance ◽

Muscle Energetic

The impressive swimming escape response of scallops uses a simple locomotor system that facilitates analysis of the functional relationships between its primary components. One large adductor muscle, two valves, the muscular mantle, and the rubbery hinge ligament are the basic elements allowing swimming by jet propulsion. Although these basic functional elements are shared among scallop species, the exact nature of the escape response varies considerably within and among species. Valve shape and density have opposing influences upon the capacity for swimming and the ease of attack by predators once captured. Patterns of muscle use can partly overcome the constraints imposed by shell characteristics. The depletion of muscle reserves during gametogenesis leads to a trade-off between escape response performance and reproductive investment. However, changes in muscle energetic status influence repeat performance more than initial escape performance. Escape response performance is influenced by habitat temperature and mariculture techniques. During scallop ontogeny, changes in susceptibility to predation and in reproductive investment may influence escape response capacities. These ontogenetic patterns are likely to vary with the longevity and maximal size of each species. Although the basic elements allowing swimming by jet propulsion are common to scallops, their exact use varies considerably among species.

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Potential of the invasive colonial ascidian, Didemnum vexillum, to limit escape response of the sea scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Aquatic Invasions ◽

10.3391/ai.2011.6.4.10 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 451-456 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Jennifer Dijkstra ◽

Riley Nolan

Keyword(s):

Escape Response ◽

Placopecten Magellanicus ◽

Didemnum Vexillum ◽

Colonial Ascidian ◽

Sea Scallop

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Fine structure of the retina of the giant scallop, Placopecten magellanicus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100111677 ◽

1984 ◽

Vol 42 ◽

pp. 312-313

Author(s):

C.V.L. Powell

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Electron Microscope ◽

Light Intensity ◽

Scanning Electron Microscope ◽

Eye Development ◽

Preliminary Observation ◽

Columnar Epithelium ◽

Placopecten Magellanicus ◽

Environmental Light ◽

Scanning Electron

The overall fine structure of the eye in Placopecten is similar to that of other scallops. The optic tentacle consists of an outer columnar epithelium which is modified into a pigmented iris and a cornea (Fig. 1). This capsule encloses the cellular lens, retina, reflecting argentea and the pigmented tapetum. The retina is divided into two parts (Fig. 2). The distal retina functions in the detection of movement and the proximal retina monitors environmental light intensity. The purpose of the present study is to describe the ultrastructure of the retina as a preliminary observation on eye development. This is also the first known presentation of scanning electron microscope studies of the eye of the scallop.

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