Follow-up study on contamination rate of expressed breast milk samples and necrotizing enterocolitis in Chinese mothers

Objective There are limited published data on the transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus from mothers to newborns through breastfeeding or from breast milk. The World Health Organization released guidelines encouraging mothers with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 to breastfeed as the benefits of breastfeeding outweighs the possible risk of transmission. The objective of this study was to determine if SARS-CoV-2 was present in the breast milk of lactating mothers who had a positive SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab test prior to delivery, and the clinical outcomes for their newborns. Study Design This was a single-center, observational, prospective cohort study. Maternal–newborn dyads that delivered at New York University Langone Hospital Brooklyn with confirmed maternal SARS-CoV-2 positive screen test at the time of admission were recruited for the study. Breast milk samples were collected during postpartum hospitalization and tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 genes N1 and N2 by two-step reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Additionally, the clinical characteristics of the maternal newborn dyad, results of nasopharyngeal SARS-CoV-2 testing, and neonatal follow-up data were collected. Results A total of 19 mothers were included in the study and their infants who were all fed breast milk. Breast milk samples from 18 mothers tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, and 1 was positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The infant who ingested the breast milk that tested positive had a negative nasopharyngeal test for SARS-CoV-2, and had a benign clinical course. There was no evidence of significant clinical infection during the hospital stay or from outpatient neonatal follow-up data for all the infants included in this study. Conclusion In a small cohort of SARS-CoV-2 positive lactating mothers giving birth at our institution, most of their breast milk samples (95%) contained no detectable virus, and there was no evidence of COVID-19 infection in their breast milk-fed neonates. Key Points

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Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs in breast milk of women from Catalonia, Spain: A follow-up study

Environment International ◽

10.1016/j.envint.2008.12.003 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 35 (3) ◽

pp. 607-613 ◽

Cited By ~ 61

Author(s):

Marta Schuhmacher ◽

Hannu Kiviranta ◽

Päivi Ruokojärvi ◽

Martí Nadal ◽

José L. Domingo

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Follow Up Study

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Vitamin D content in human breast milk: a 9-mo follow-up study

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.3945/ajcn.115.115105 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 107-114 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Susanna við Streym ◽

Carsten S Højskov ◽

Ulla Kristine Møller ◽

Lene Heickendorff ◽

Peter Vestergaard ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vitamin D ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Follow Up Study

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Circadian variation in fat concentration of breast-milk in a rural northern Thai population

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19880044 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 349-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

Dorothy A. Jackson ◽

Stella M. Imong ◽

A. Silprasert ◽

S. Ruckphaopunt ◽

M. W. Woolridge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Multiple Regression Analysis ◽

Circadian Variation ◽

Milk Intake ◽

Thai Population ◽

Sleep Period ◽

Milk Samples ◽

On Demand ◽

Expressed Breast Milk

1. Twenty-five northern Thai mothers, breast-feeding their infants on demand, were studied in their homes for 24 h. All breast-feeds were test-weighed and pre- and post-feed expressed breast-milk samples (0·5 ml) taken at each feed.2. The fat concentration of milk taken during a feed showed significant circadian variation, with maximum values between 16.00 and 20.00 hours and minimum values between 04.00 and 08.00 hours. Fat concentration at the start and at the end of a feed also varied significantly over 24 h.3. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most important predictor of fat concentration at a feed was the length of time elapsed since the previous feed – the longer this interval, the lower the subsequent fat concentration. Other significant predictors were the fat concentration at the end of the previous feed, and the milk intake at the previous and at the current feed.4. Fat concentration declined between feeds in proportion to the length of time between feeds, but the decline was less between sleep feeds than between waking feeds. This would appear to be a reflection of the lower post-feed fat concentration and higher pre-feed fat concentration of sleep feeds compared with waking feeds, when other variables relating to feeding pattern are taken into account.5. The larger the milk intake at a feed, the greater was the increase in fat concentration from the start to the end of the feed. The change in fat concentration was less in feeds taking place during the sleep period than in daytime feeds.

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Early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis in breastfed infants leads to persistent colonization at 1 year

Pediatric Research ◽

10.1038/s41390-020-01350-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Claire E. O’Brien ◽

Anna K. Meier ◽

Karina Cernioglo ◽

Ryan D. Mitchell ◽

Giorgio Casaburi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Gut Microbiome ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Bifidobacterium Longum ◽

List Type ◽

Probiotic Supplementation ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Follow Up Study ◽

Increased Risk

Abstract Background Recent studies have reported a dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants. Probiotics have been used in an attempt to restore the gut microbiome; however, colonization has been transient, inconsistent among individuals, or has not positively impacted the host’s gut. Methods This is a 2-year follow-up study to a randomized controlled trial wherein 7-day-old infants received 1.8 × 1010 colony-forming unit Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) EVC001 (EVC) daily for 21 days or breast milk alone (unsupplemented (UNS)). In the follow-up study, mothers (n = 48) collected infant stool at 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 months postnatal and completed the health-diet questionnaires. Results Fecal B. infantis was 2.5–3.5 log units higher at 6–12 months in the EVC group compared with the UNS group (P < 0.01) and this relationship strengthened with the exclusion of infants who consumed infant formula and antibiotics. Infants in the EVC group had significantly higher Bifidobacteriaceae and lower Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae (P < 0.05). There were no differences in any health conditions between the two groups. Conclusions Probiotic supplementation with B. infantis within the first month postnatal, in combination with breast milk, resulted in stable colonization that persisted until at least 1 year postnatal. Impact A dysfunctional gut microbiome in breastfed infants is common in resource-rich nations and associated with an increased risk of immune diseases. Probiotics only transiently exist in the gut without persistent colonization or altering the gut microbiome. This is the first study to show that early probiotic supplementation with B. infantis with breast milk results in stable colonization of B. infantis and improvements to the gut microbiome 1 year postnatal. This study addresses a key gap in the literature whereby probiotics can restore the gut microbiome if biologically selected microorganisms are matched with their specific food in an open ecological niche.

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Characterization of SARS CoV-2 Antibodies in Breast Milk from 21 Women with Confirmed COVID-19 Infection

10.1101/2021.07.19.21260661 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lars Bode ◽

Kerri Bertrand ◽

Julia A Najera ◽

Annalee Furst ◽

Gordon Honerkamp-Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Protein Microarray ◽

The Novel ◽

Reading Frame ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

The University ◽

Infants And Young Children

One potential mechanism for protection from SARS-CoV-2 in infants and young children is through passive immunity via breast milk from a mother previously infected with the novel coronavirus. The primary objectives of this study were to establish the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgA and IgG and to characterize the specific antigenic regions of SARS-CoV-2 proteins that were reactive with antibodies in breast milk from women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Between March 2020 and September 2020, 21 women with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were enrolled into Mommys Milk at the University of California, San Diego. Women donated serial breast milk samples. Breast milk samples were used to probe a multi-coronavirus protein microarray containing full-length proteins and variable length overlapping fragments of SARS-CoV-2 spike (S), envelope (E), membrane (M), nucleocapsid (N), and open reading frame (ORF) proteins. The breast milk samples contained IgA reactive with a variety of SARS-CoV-2 antigens. The most IgA-reactive SARS-CoV-2 proteins were N (42.9% of women responded to ≥1 N fragment) and S proteins (23.9% of women responded to ≥1 fragment of S1 or S2). Overall, individual COVID-19 cases had diverse and unique milk IgA profiles over the course of follow-up since onset of SARS-CoV-2 symptoms.

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Detection of TT Virus DNA and GB Virus Type C/Hepatitis G Virus RNA in Serum and Breast Milk: Determination of Mother-to-Child Transmission

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.2.745-747.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 745-747 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

Matthias Schröter ◽

Susanne Polywka ◽

Bernhard Zöllner ◽

Peter Schäfer ◽

Rainer Laufs ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Breast Feeding ◽

Hepatitis G Virus ◽

Tt Virus ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Virus Rna ◽

The One ◽

Mother To Child

To investigate the vertical transmission of the newly described TT virus (TTV), serum and breast milk samples from 46 women as well as sera from their 47 newborns were examined for the presence of TTV DNA by PCR. TTV DNA was detected in 47.8% (n = 22) of the women. All but one child born to these women were also viremic for TTV from the first sample onward. TTV DNA was found in 73.9% (n = 17) of the breast milk samples derived from TTV viremic mothers. The one TTV-negative child born to a viremic mother remained negative during follow-up, although it was breast-fed. Our data show that TTV is highly effectively transmitted from mothers to their children during pregnancy. Although the majority of breast milk samples from viremic mothers are positive by TTV PCR, there is no need to discourage women from breast-feeding, because most children are TTV viremic even before breast-feeding begins.

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Association of dioxin in maternal breast milk and salivary steroid hormone levels in preschool children: A five-year follow-up study of a Vietnam cohort

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124899 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 241 ◽

pp. 124899 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Xian Liang Sun ◽

Rie Okamoto ◽

Teruhiko Kido ◽

Seijiro Honma ◽

Ho Dung Manh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Preschool Children ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Steroid Hormone ◽

Hormone Levels ◽

Follow Up Study

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Safety of Breastfeeding in Mothers with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

10.1101/2020.05.30.20033407 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qingqing Luo ◽

Lan Chen ◽

Dujuan Yao ◽

Jianwen Zhu ◽

Xiangzhi Zeng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Antibody Test ◽

Maternal Blood ◽

Child Transmission ◽

Limited Evidence ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Mother To Child ◽

Negative Conclusion

Background: The outbreak of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is threatening a surging number of populations worldwide, including women in breastfeeding period. Limited evidence is available concerning breastfeeding in women with COVID-19. Methods: Twenty-three pregnant women and puerperae were enrolled in the study. To evaluate the effect of breastfeeding on SARS-CoV-2 transmission, the presence of SARS-CoV-2, IgG and IgM in breast milk, maternal blood and infant blood were assessed. Feeding patterns were also recorded in follow-up. Results: No positive detection for SARS-CoV-2 of neonates was found. All breast milk samples were negative for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. The presence of IgM ofSARS-CoV-2 in breast milk was correlated with maternal blood. The results of IgG detection for SARS-CoV-2 were negative in all breast milk samples. All the infants were in healthy condition while six of them were fed with whole or partial breast milk. Eight infants received antibody test for SARS-CoV-2 in one month after birth and the results were all negative. Conclusion: Findings from this small number of cases suggest that there is currently no evidence for mother-to-child transmission via breast feeding in women with COVID-19 in the third trimester and puerperium.

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Bacterial load in expressed and stored breast milk of lactating mothers in Abia state, Nigeria

African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development ◽

10.18697/ajfand.59.12640 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 13 (59) ◽

pp. 8139-8154

Author(s):

PO Ukegbu ◽

◽

AC Uwaegbute ◽

II Ijeh ◽

AU Ukegbu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Culture Media ◽

Bacterial Load ◽

Storage Conditions ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Lactating Mothers ◽

Expressed Breast Milk ◽

Time Periods ◽

Considerable Period

The use of expressed breast milk has been advocated as an effective way of encouraging and maintaining lactation when the mother is separated from the baby for a while. However, prospects of storage of expressed breast milk for any considerable period of time is hindered by the possibility of bacterial contamination and growth of infectious pathogens in the stored milk. Previous research worldwide has focused on optimal conditions for storing expressed breast milk. This study investigated bacterial growth in expressed breast milk stored at two different conditions and time periods. A total of 240 randomly selected lactating mothers participated in a survey used to elicit information on their practices concerning expressed and stored breast milk. Out of this, 20 lactating mothers were willing to donate their breast milk , which was used for microbial studies. Using antiseptic procedures, breast milk samples were collected from these 20 lactating mothers by manual expression and put into sterile containers. One half was stored at room temperature (30 o C), while the other half was immersed in a container of water (26 o C) for 0, 3, 6 and 9hrs. The samples at different time periods in both storage conditions were plated on three different culture media (Nutrient agar , MacConkey agar and Chocolate agar) and incubated for 24hrs. Bacterial load was enumerated and isolates were characterized and identified. Data was analyzed using one way ANOVA and presented as frequencies, percentages means and standard deviations. Results showed that in all the culture media, bacteria l load was higher in breast milk samples stored at room temperature for up to 9hrs compared to that immersed in water (p<0 .05). However, the average colony counts were within acceptable limits (<10 4 CFU/ml). Enterococcus faecalis , Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were the predominant bacteria isolated in the breast milk samples under both storage conditions. The findings from this study revealed that storage of breast milk either at room temperature or immersed in a container of water appeared to be safe for up to 9 hours of storage in a tropical environment . Generally, the number of microbes was within levels considered acceptable in expressed breast milk .

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