Thermal mixing of Lake Erhai (Southwest China) induced by bottom heat transfer: Evidence based on observations and CE-QUAL-W2 model simulations

2021 ◽  
pp. 126973
Author(s):  
Lei Zhao ◽  
Sihang Cheng ◽  
Yanxin Sun ◽  
Rui Zou ◽  
Wenjing Ma ◽  
...  
Author(s):  
He Zhang ◽  
Fenglei Niu ◽  
Yu Yu ◽  
Peipei Chen

Thermal mixing and stratification often appears in passive containment cooling system (PCCS), which is an important part of passive safety system. So, it is important to accurately predict the temperature and density distributions both for design optimization and accident analysis. However, current major reactor system analysis codes only provide lumped parameter models which can only get very approximate results. The traditional 2-D or 3-D CFD methods require very long simulation time, and it’s not easy to get result. This paper adopts a new simulation code, which can be used to calculate heat transfer problems in large enclosures. The new code simulates the ambient fluid and jets with different models. For the ambient fluid, it uses a one-dimensional model, which is based on the thermal stratification and derived from three conservation equations. While for different jets, the new code contains several jet models to fully simulate the different break types in containment. Now, the new code can only simulate rectangular enclosures, not the cylinder enclosure. So it is meaningful for us to modify the code to simulate the actual containment, then it can be applied to solve the heat transfer problem in PCCS accurately.


Author(s):  
Robert J. Miller

This paper considers the effect of heat transfer between fluid streams on the work output of a turbine. To correctly characterize the effect of heat transfer requires a new property, ‘mechanical work potential’, which is a measure of the maximum useful work that can be extracted from a fluid by an isentropic turbine exhausting to a fixed exit static pressure. A balance equation for the property, over a control volume, is developed. The equation shows that entropy creation through thermal mixing has no effect on turbine work. It does, however, show that a second heat transfer term, ‘thermal creation’, does alter turbine work. Thermal creation occurs in regions of the turbine where heat transfer occurs across a finite pressure difference. The term is the non-linear version of the acoustic energy creation term proposed by Lord Rayleigh in his thermo-acoustic criterion. The balance equation is then used to link local regions of thermal creation to changes in stage efficiency. The method is used to show that, in a modern high pressure turbine stage, heat transfer due to thermal mixing in the freestream causes a negligible change in efficiency and therefore can be ignored in the design process. The method is also used to show that heat transfer due to convective cooling results in ∼0.5% rise in stage efficiency. This is a significant and should be accounted for in the design process.


2011 ◽  
Vol 23 (8) ◽  
pp. 1308-1315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianyang Guo ◽  
Zhang Liang ◽  
Haiqing Liao ◽  
Zhi Tang ◽  
Xiaoli Zhao ◽  
...  

1983 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 817-822 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. S. Wang ◽  
F. P. Incropera ◽  
R. Viskanta

Flow visualization studies and heat transfer measurements have been made for water flow in an open channel which is uniformly heated from below. In addition, a two-dimensional boundary layer model, which includes a buoyancy term in the momentum equation and accounts for the effect of buoyancy on turbulence, has been used to predict the heat transfer measurements. Thermal boundary layer development involves an inlet region for which buoyancy effects are negligible, a transition region characterized by mixed convection, and a downstream region which is dominated by turbulent free convection. The regions are delineated in terms of the mixed convection parameter Grx/Rex3/2, and heat transfer measurements are compared with existing forced, free, and mixed convection correlations.


1975 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ramm ◽  
K. Johannsen

A theoretical method based on a phenomenological turbulence model has been applied to evaluate turbulent transport properties for liquid-metal heat transfer in bare equilateral triangular rod bundles. Results obtained for local distributions of thermal eddy diffusivity in the various directions are presented in terms of correlations. From a subsequent solution of the three-dimensional heat transfer problem between two characteristic interior subchannels under conditions characteristic for tracer-type mixing experiments, integral thermal mixing coefficients and thermal length scales have been evaluated. Results demonstrate that the basic concept of subchannel analysis treating molecular conduction and turbulent transport independently of each other tends to underestimate intersubchannel transport. The uncertainties which are involved in principal assumptions of the turbulence-model as well as in the available empirical results are discussed in some detail.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (0) ◽  
pp. _J0550404--_J0550404-
Author(s):  
Kenji TSUTSUI ◽  
Hirofumi HATTORI ◽  
Tomoya HOURA ◽  
Masato TAGAWA

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