601 Digital histological image analysis underpins the role of immune privilege collapse in the sweat glands in the etiopathogenesis of syringotropic autoimmune diseases

In the last years, an increasing interest in molecular imaging has been raised by the extending potential of positron emission tomography [PET]. The role of PET imaging, originally confined to the oncology setting, is continuously extending thanks to the development of novel radiopharmaceutical and to the implementation of hybrid imaging techniques, where PET scans are combined with computed tomography [CT] or magnetic resonance imaging[MRI] in order to improve spatial resolution. Early preclinical studies suggested that 18F–FDG PET can detect neuroinflammation; new developing radiopharmaceuticals targeting more specifically inflammation-related molecules are moving in this direction. Neurological involvement is a distinct feature of various systemic autoimmune diseases, i.e. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus [SLE] or Behcet’s disease [BD]. Although MRI is largely considered the gold-standard imaging technique for the detection of Central Nervous System [CNS] involvement in these disorders. Several patients complain of neuropsychiatric symptoms [headache, epilepsy, anxiety or depression] in the absence of any significant MRI finding; in such patients the diagnosis relies mainly on clinical examination and often the role of the disease process versus iatrogenic or reactive forms is doubtful. The aim of this review is to explore the state-of-the-art for the role of PET imaging in CNS involvement in systemic rheumatic diseases. In addition, we explore the potential role of emerging radiopharmaceutical and their possible application in aiding the diagnosis of CNS involvement in systemic autoimmune diseases.

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Recognize Yourself—Innate Sensing of Non-LTR Retrotransposons

Viruses ◽

10.3390/v13010094 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 94

Author(s):

Justine Lagisquet ◽

Kilian Zuber ◽

Thomas Gramberg

Keyword(s):

Pattern Recognition ◽

Nucleic Acid ◽

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Ltr Retrotransposons ◽

Autoinflammatory Disorders ◽

Protective Measures ◽

Active Elements ◽

Enhanced Expression ◽

Long Interspersed Element

Although mobile genetic elements, or transposons, have played an important role in genome evolution, excess activity of mobile elements can have detrimental consequences. Already, the enhanced expression of transposons-derived nucleic acids can trigger autoimmune reactions that may result in severe autoinflammatory disorders. Thus, cells contain several layers of protective measures to restrict transposons and to sense the enhanced activity of these “intragenomic pathogens”. This review focuses on our current understanding of immunogenic patterns derived from the most active elements in humans, the retrotransposons long interspersed element (LINE)-1 and Alu. We describe the role of known pattern recognition receptors in nucleic acid sensing of LINE-1 and Alu and the possible consequences for autoimmune diseases.

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The Constantly Evolving Role of Medical Image Processing in Oncology: From Traditional Medical Image Processing to Imaging Biomarkers and Radiomics

Journal of Imaging ◽

10.3390/jimaging7080124 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. 124

Author(s):

Kostas Marias

Keyword(s):

Image Processing ◽

Image Analysis ◽

Medical Image ◽

Biomarker Discovery ◽

Medical Image Processing ◽

Machine Learning Techniques ◽

Imaging Biomarker ◽

Imaging Biomarkers ◽

Precision Oncology

The role of medical image computing in oncology is growing stronger, not least due to the unprecedented advancement of computational AI techniques, providing a technological bridge between radiology and oncology, which could significantly accelerate the advancement of precision medicine throughout the cancer care continuum. Medical image processing has been an active field of research for more than three decades, focusing initially on traditional image analysis tasks such as registration segmentation, fusion, and contrast optimization. However, with the advancement of model-based medical image processing, the field of imaging biomarker discovery has focused on transforming functional imaging data into meaningful biomarkers that are able to provide insight into a tumor’s pathophysiology. More recently, the advancement of high-performance computing, in conjunction with the availability of large medical imaging datasets, has enabled the deployment of sophisticated machine learning techniques in the context of radiomics and deep learning modeling. This paper reviews and discusses the evolving role of image analysis and processing through the lens of the abovementioned developments, which hold promise for accelerating precision oncology, in the sense of improved diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment planning of cancer.

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Role of Bradykinin Type 2 Receptors in Human Sweat Secretion: Translational Evidence Does Not Support a Functional Relationship

Skin Pharmacology and Physiology ◽

10.1159/000514497 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 162-166

Author(s):

Thad E. Wilson ◽

Seetharam Narra ◽

Kristen Metzler-Wilson ◽

Artur Schneider ◽

Kelsey A. Bullens ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Healthy Subjects ◽

Sweat Rate ◽

Sweat Glands ◽

Potential Therapeutic Target ◽

Sweat Secretion ◽

Hoe 140 ◽

A Current

Bradykinin increases skin blood flow via a cGMP mechanism but its role in sweating in vivo is unclear. There is a current need to translate cell culture and nonhuman paw pad studies into in vivo human preparations to test for therapeutic viability for disorders affecting sweat glands. Protocol 1: physiological sweating was induced in 10 healthy subjects via perfusing warm (46–48°C) water through a tube-lined suit while bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2R) antagonist (HOE-140; 40 μM) and only the vehicle (lactated Ringer’s) were perfused intradermally via microdialysis. Heat stress increased sweat rate (HOE-140 = +0.79 ± 0.12 and vehicle = +0.64 ± 0.10 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/min), but no differences were noted with B2R antagonism. Protocol 2: pharmacological sweating was induced in 6 healthy subjects via intradermally perfusing pilocarpine (1.67 mg/mL) followed by the same B2R antagonist approach. Pilocarpine increased sweating (HOE-140 = +0.38 ± 0.16 and vehicle = +0.32 ± 0.12 mg/cm<sup>2</sup>/min); again no differences were observed with B2R antagonism. Last, 5 additional subjects were recruited for various control experiments which identified that a functional dose of HOE-140 was utilized and it was not sudorific during normothermic conditions. These data indicate B2R antagonists do not modulate physiologically or pharmacologically induced eccrine secretion volumes. Thus, B2R agonist/antagonist development as a potential therapeutic target for hypo- and hyperhidrosis appears unwarranted.

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15 POSSIBLE ROLE OF MATERNAL LYMPHOCYTES CONTAINED IN BREAST MILK IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES

Journal of Investigative Medicine ◽

10.2310/6650.2005.00205.14 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. S389.4-S389

Author(s):

A. M. Cohen ◽

B. A. Pancake ◽

D. Zucker-Franklin

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Autoimmune Diseases

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The role of IL-12 in the induction of organ-specific autoimmune diseases

Immunology Today ◽

10.1016/0167-5699(95)80006-9 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. 383-386 ◽

Cited By ~ 179

Author(s):

Sylvie Trembleau ◽

Luciano Adorini ◽

Tieno Germann ◽

Maurice K. Gately

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Organ Specific

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Exploring the role of immunotherapeutic drugs in autoimmune diseases: A comprehensive review

Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research ◽

10.1016/j.jobcr.2021.02.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 291-296

Author(s):

Shankargouda Patil ◽

Vidya Gs ◽

Gargi S. Sarode ◽

Sachin C. Sarode ◽

Turki Abdu Khurayzi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Comprehensive Review

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Recent insights on the putative role of autophagy in autoimmune diseases

Autoimmunity Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.autrev.2013.10.007 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 231-241 ◽

Cited By ~ 30

Author(s):

Elena Gianchecchi ◽

Domenico Vittorio Delfino ◽

Alessandra Fierabracci

Keyword(s):

Autoimmune Diseases ◽

Putative Role

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Germany and Russia Since Reunification: Continuity, Change, and the Role of Leaders

German Politics & Society ◽

10.3167/gps.2017.350103 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 35 (1) ◽

pp. 42-62 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Keyword(s):

Image Analysis ◽

International Relations ◽

The Political ◽

German Reunification ◽

The Past ◽

Personal Relations ◽

Economic Trends ◽

Economic Ties

How can we understand German-Russian relations since German reunification? Both the geopolitical positions of the two states and the political and economic ties between them have been transformed over the past twentyfive years. This paper will argue, however, that the role of the two countries’ leaders in shaping these relations has been surprisingly important. Building on the tradition of “first image” analysis in international relations, this paper shows that, along with larger political and economic trends, personal relations between these leaders have helped to set the tenor of bilateral ties. When the leaders were able to build trust and personal friendships, relations improved. Yet more recently, since 2012, relations have soured sharply. While there are obviously larger reasons for this, more negative personal ties between leaders have also played an important role. In short, just as issues of trust and friendship matter in personal ties, they also matter in International Relations.

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