scholarly journals Non-tariff barrier on chicken imports into Russia: Impact on production, trade and prices

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 583-596 ◽  
Author(s):  
Byung Min Soon ◽  
Wyatt Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Tariff Barrier

Government regulation of the Internet as instrument of digital protectionism in case of developing countries

2021 ◽  
pp. 016555152110141
Author(s):  
Nikolai Topornin ◽  
Darya Pyatkina ◽  
Yuri Bokov
Keyword(s):  
Government Regulation ◽  
Payment Systems ◽  
Strategic Development ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Internet Freedom ◽  
Technological Stage ◽  
Internet Censorship ◽  
Scientific Value

The research is devoted to the study of digital protectionism technologies, in particular, Internet censorship as a non-tariff barrier to digital trade and the determination of the strategic motives of states to use them. The reports ‘Freedom on the Net’ and ‘The network readiness index 2020’ acted as a basic data source for the study of modern instruments of government regulation of interactions in the digital environment. Internet censorship technologies have been considered in six countries with varying levels of Internet freedom: Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Georgia, Armenia and Estonia. The key instruments of digital protectionism as a non-tariff barrier of the digital economy have been identified, such as: localisation requirements; restrictions on cross-border data flow; system of national protection of intellectual property rights; discriminatory, unique standards or burdensome testing; filtering or blocking; restrictions on electronic payment systems or the use of encryption; cybersecurity threats and forced technology transfer. Internet censorship technologies have been demonstrated and their influence on the strategic development of trade relations between economies in cyberspace has been determined. The scientific value of the article lies in substantiating the understanding of Internet censorship as a natural tool for regulating the development of a digital society and international trade relations. Each state at one time goes through a technological stage of development, which leads to the emergence of different levels of digital isolation and integration; and Internet censorship is a natural element in the system of building a national platform economy and consolidating the country’s internal technological and innovative advantages in digital realities.

scholarly journals A Pluralist Approach to the Law of International Sales

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Juana Coetzee
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Private Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Law ◽  
International Trade Law ◽  
Sales Contracts ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
Common European Sales Law ◽  
International Sales

International trade can support economic development and social upliftment. However, people are often discouraged from contracting internationally due to differences in legal systems which act as a non-tariff barrier to trade. This article focuses on the private law framework regulating international contracts of sale. During the twentieth century, the problem of diverse laws was primarily addressed by global uniform law such as the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG). However, uniform law is rarely complete and has to be supplemented by national law, trade usage or party agreement. Because of gaps that exist in the CISG the Swiss government made a proposal for a new global contract law. But is this a feasible solution to the fragmentary state of international trade law? In Europe, signs of reluctance are setting in towards further harmonisation efforts. The Proposal for a Common European Sales Law (CESL) was recently withdrawn, and now Britain has voted to leave the European Union; rumour having it that more countries might follow. The current private law framework for international sales contracts consists of a hybrid system where international, national, state and non-state law function side by side. This article submits that universalism is not per se the most efficient approach to the regulation of international sales law and that economic forces require a more varied approach for business-to-business transactions. The biggest challenge, however, would be to manage global legal pluralism. It is concluded that contractual parties, the courts and arbitral tribunals can effectively manage pluralism on a case-by-case basis.        

scholarly journals BEYOND THE SECRETARIAT: ADDRESSING GOVERNANCE ISSUES IN ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (03) ◽  
pp. 741-759
Author(s):  
KAEWKAMOL PITAKDUMRONGKIT
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Effectiveness ◽  
Economic Community ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Facilitation ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Asean Economic Community ◽  
Better Than

This article investigates interactions between institutional designs and values upheld by states on institutional effectiveness, for the purpose of understanding why particular institutions perform better than the others in extracting compliance and cooperation from countries. I contend that institutional effectiveness — defined as the ability to extract states’ compliance and foster cooperation — is explained by dynamics between institutional functions and actors’ governing principles. The higher the compatibility between these two factors, the higher the degree of institutions’ effectiveness, and vice versa. This argument was validated through cases of non-tariff barrier (NTB) elimination and trade facilitation under the ASEAN Economic Community framework.

scholarly journals Competitiveness Analysis and Factors Affecting Trade of Main Commodities between Indonesia and Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fauziyah Adzimatinur
Keyword(s):  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Trade Integration ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Factors Affecting

This study aims to analyze the competitiveness, trade integration, trade complementarity, and factors affecting the export and import of main commodities between Indonesia and Turkey. Data used in this study is time series data in 1996-2018 and the methods used are Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA), Intra-Industry Trade (IIT), Trade Complementarity Index (TCI), and Ordinary Least Square (OLS). Results of RCA showed Indonesia's main export commodities to Turkey are woven fabrics, stearic acid, palm oil and natural rubber. While IIT showed that there is only one way trade from Indonesia. Import commodities from Turkey are carpets, borax, wheat flour, and tobacco. TCI showed low complementarity between Indonesia�s export and Turkey�s import. GDP per capita has positive impact on exports and imports. The exchange rate has positive impact on exports and negative on imports. Price and tariff rate have negative impact on both exports and imports. Dummy Non-tariff barrier has negative impact on exports while in import side, it only affects the wheat flour negatively. The Government of Indonesia should pursue a strategy in trade cooperation as efforts to reduce trade barriers such as tariffs and non-tariffs for some commodities that have competitiveness in the Turkish market.

scholarly journals Assessing the potential of plains zebra to maintain African horse sickness in the Western Cape Province, South Africa

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Porphyre ◽  
John D. Grewar
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
African Horse Sickness ◽  
Western Cape Province ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Stochastic Vector ◽  
Reservoir Hosts ◽  
Plains Zebra

AbstractAfrican horse sickness (AHS) is a disease of equids that results in a non-tariff barrier to the trade of live equids from affected countries. AHS is endemic in South Africa except for a controlled area in the Western Cape Province (WCP) where sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past 2 decades. There is potential that the presence of zebra populations, thought to be the natural reservoir hosts for AHS, in the WCP could maintain AHS virus circulation in the area and act as a year-round source of infection for horses. However, it remains unclear whether the epidemiology or the ecological conditions present in the WCP would enable persistent circulation of AHS in the local zebra populations.Here we developed a hybrid deterministic-stochastic vector-host compartmental model of AHS transmission in plains zebra (Equus quagga), where host populations are age- and sex-structured and for which population and AHS transmission dynamics are modulated by rainfall and temperature conditions. Using this model, we showed that populations of plains zebra present in the WCP are not sufficiently large for AHS introduction events to become endemic and that coastal populations of zebra need to be >2500 individuals for AHS to persist >2 years, even if zebras are infectious for more than 50 days. AHS cannot become endemic in the coastal population of the WCP unless the zebra population involves at least 50,000 individuals. Finally, inland populations of plains zebra in the WCP may represent a risk for AHS to persist but would require populations of at least 500 zebras or show unrealistic duration of infectiousness for AHS introduction events to become endemic.Our results provide evidence that the risk of AHS persistence from a single introduction event in a given plains zebra population in the WCP is extremely low and it is unlikely to represent a long-term source of infection for local horses.

scholarly journals Nigeria and the African Continental Free Trade Agreement Area (AFCFTA): Issues, Challenges and Prospect.

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-250
Author(s):  
Ayodele Haruna Mustapha ◽  
D. Adetoye
Keyword(s):  
Social Integration ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
African Continent ◽  
Trade Theory ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Free Movement Of Goods

In order to improve intra-continental trade in Africa Union (AU) introduced the African Continental Force Trade Agreement Area (AFCTFA) to create single continental market for the free movement of goods and services within the African Continent. AU is progressively eliminating tariffs as well as non-tariff barrier to African trade through the AFCFTA which will make it easier for African businesses to trade within the continent and benefit from growing African market. Nigeria’s position on the AFCFTA remains that African economic and social integration must be rules-based and with built-in safeguard against injurious practices. AFCFTA is an important part of the AU – 2063 Agenda to promote economic and social integration on the continent. Agreement comprises of the framework, the protocols for trade in goods and trade in services and the mechanism for dispute resolution. AFCFTA is to facilitate economic growth and diversification through preferential access to Africa’s market. The paper examines Nigeria’s stands which states that continental aspirations must compliment Nigeria’s national interest which includes not positioning it as a dumping ground for finished goods. The paper makes use of secondary source of data to elicit information while it examines the challenges like how will the agreement be implemented on the ground without the necessary infrastructure being built without the procedural issues that makes corruption very possible at the borders. The paper adopts free trade theory to midwife the study.

scholarly journals PERLINDUNGAN PRODUK PERTANIAN MENGHADAPI PASAR BEBAS ASEAN (MEA) 2015

2014 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-124
Author(s):  
Akhmad Riyadi Wastra
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Area ◽  
Tariff Barrier ◽  
Trade Area

Dibukanya perdagangan bebas China ASEAN Free Trade Area (CAFTA) dan India ASEAN Free Trade Area (IAFTA) terhitung awal tahun 2010 dan pemberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean (MEA) tahun 2015,  merupakan tantangan bagi para produsen atau pelaku bisnis dalam negeri, untuk lebih meningkatkan produktivitas dan kualitas produk yang dihasilkannya, sehingga mampu bersaing dengan produk-produk impor yang pasti akan membanjiri Indonesia. Peningkatan kualitas produk yang antara lain akan menghilangkan kesenjangan dan keberterimaan standard, merupakan salah satu bentuk Non-tariff barrier to trade (NTB), sehingga produk domestik tidak terpukul dan tetap dapat bersaing ketika produk impor membanjiri pasar dalam negeri. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisa perlindungan produk pertanian menghadapi pasar bebas Asean (MEA) 2015. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah analisis deskriptif. Data sekunder yang digunakan yaitu studi kepustakaan, dengan mencari dan mempelajari berbagai teori yang ada hubungannya dengan masalah yang sedang diteliti. Kesimpulan yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini yaitu : (1) Pemberlakuan Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN pada tahun 2015, memberikan peluang sekaligus tantangan bagi Indonesia untuk dapat meningkatkan mutu produk pertanian, yang mempunyai keberterimaan tinggi di masyarakat ASEAN, (2) Masyarakat diharapkan berpartisipasi aktif mendukung program standardisasi dengan mulai mengerti dan membeli produk yang diproduksi berdasarkan standar mutu yang ditetapkan, (3) Standar mutu produk pertanian harus dipahami oleh masyarakat luas melalui sosialisasi standar di berbagai media massa secara aktif, (4) Keberhasilan semua stakeholder terkait, mulai dari kelompok. tani/gabungan kelompok tani, pengusaha kecil menengah-atas, pendukung sarana prasarana termasuk kelembagaan serta swasta terhadap standar dan regulasinya akan melindungi produk pertanian menyambut Masyarakat Ekonomi Asean 2015 mendatang.

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