scholarly journals Fighting the COVID pandemic: national policy choices in non-pharmaceutical interventions

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Alfano ◽  
Salvatore Ercolano ◽  
Mauro Pinto
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Pharmaceutical Interventions

scholarly journals Politics and Finite Flexibilities: The UN Drug Control Conventions and their Future Development

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 114 ◽  
pp. 285-290
Author(s):  
David Bewley-Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Future Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Domestic Policy ◽  
Drug Control ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Systemic Pressure ◽  
Drug Prohibition

Domestic policy choices concerning the non-medical use of cannabis are generating increased interest in what has been usefully called the global drug prohibition regime. Commentators are questioning whether the UN-based treaty system can accommodate national policy approaches that deviate from the regime's prohibitive ethos. As tension around cannabis “legalization” builds it becomes ever more urgent to relieve systemic pressure, a process to which inter se treaty modification may be key.

Insuring Free Trade: Unemployment Insurance and Trade Policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Y. Kono
Keyword(s):  
Unemployment Insurance ◽  
Trade Openness ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
State Level ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
Social Spending ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
State Unemployment

Research shows that trade openness and high social spending go hand in hand, at least in wealthy democracies. It is not clear, however, exactly why this is so. Many scholars and policymakers argue that generous social spending facilitates trade liberalization, but there is no direct empirical support for this claim. This paper is the first to show directly that social spending promotes freer trade. Specifically, I show that U.S. state-level unemployment insurance makes Congress members significantly more likely to vote for freer trade. Since state unemployment insurance is exogenous to individual congressional votes, my analysis shows clearly that the former affects the latter. My results imply that social spending insures not only citizens but also open trade policies against hard economic times. They also highlight the importance of subnational policy choices to national policy outcomes.

20. Policy-making

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Knill ◽  
Jale Tosun
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Formulation ◽  
Policy Transfer ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Policy Cycle ◽  
Political Activities ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Policy Styles

This chapter examines the process related to policy-making as well as potential determinants of policy choices. It begins with a discussion of conceptual models of policy-making, namely: the institutional, rational, incremental, group, elite, and process models. It then considers the policy cycle, which models the policy process as a series of political activities, consisting of agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, implementation, and evaluation. It also analyses the role of institutions, frames, and policy styles in policy-making and concludes with an assessment of the most crucial domestic and international factors shaping the design of policies, focusing in particular on theories of policy diffusion, policy transfer, and cross-national policy convergence, along with international sources that affect domestic policy-making.

scholarly journals The Global Capital Market: Benefactor or Menace?

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 9-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Obstfeld
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Economic Integration ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
National Policy ◽  
International Capital ◽  
International Capital Market ◽  
Global Capital ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Net Benefits ◽  
Policy Problems

This paper reviews the theoretical functions, history, and policy problems raised by the international capital market. The goal is to offer a perspective on both the considerable advantages the market offers and on the genuine hazards it poses, as well as on avenues through which it constrains national policy choices. A duality of benefits and risks is inescapable in the real world of asymmetric information and imperfect contract enforcement. The author argues, however, that, in confronting the global capital market, the way to maximize net benefits is to encourage economic integration while attacking concomitant distortions and unwanted side effects at, or close to, their sources.

scholarly journals Industrial Policy Response to the Covid 19 Crisis in Ireland – A Filière Approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 80
Author(s):  
Bernadette Andreosso-O’Callaghan
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Service Industry ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Manufacturing ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Economic Shock ◽  
The Eu

The economic shock represented by the Covid19 crisis has been showing the limits of industrial policy choices such as that of the chosen globalisation model, a model characterised in particular by the relocation of “key” manufacturing activities away from EU countries and towards low-cost emerging countries. In relation to the Covid19 crisis, relocation emanates from industrial policy choices that have weakened the health filière (encompassing the chemicals & pharmaceutical manufacturing industries and the health service industry). The specific case of Ireland shows a strong manufacturing specialisation in the relatively resilient pharmaceutical industry, a strength undermined by a relatively inefficient health service industry. National policy responses have taken the form of a large number of schemes estimated to amount to some €5bn. Questions arise in terms of the ability of the EU, and of Ireland therein, to secure its health sovereignty in the future, and in terms of the implications of growing indebtedness, particularly in the euro-area.

Strengthening Local Governance in Health Financing in China: A Text-Mining Analysis of Policy Changes between 2009 and 2020

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Liu ◽  
Tianyu Wang ◽  
Chen Bai ◽  
Lingrui Liu
Keyword(s):  
Text Mining ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Cost Containment ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Health Financing ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Fiscal Resource ◽  
Resource Input

Abstract In the last two decades, developing countries have increasingly engaged in improving the governance of their health systems and promoting policy design to strengthen their health governance capacity. Although many well-designed national policy strategies have been promulgated, obstacles to policy implementation and compliance among localities may undermine these efforts, particularly in decentralized health systems. Studies on health governance have rarely adopted a central-local analysis to investigate in detail local governments’ distinct experiences, orientations, and dynamics in implementing the same national policy initiative. This study examines the policy orientations of prefectural governments in strengthening governance in health financing in China, which has transitioned from emphasizing the approach of fiscal resource input to that of marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement at the national level since 2009. Employing text-mining methodologies, we analyzed health policy documents issued by multi-level governments after 2009. The analysis revealed three salient findings. First, compared to higher-level authorities, prefectural governments generally opted to use fiscal resource input over marketization promotion and cost-containment regulation enforcement between 2009 and 2020. Second, policy choices of prefectural governments varied considerably in terms of enforcing cost-containment regulations during the same period. Third, the extent of the prefectural government’s orientation toward marketization promotion or cost-containment regulation enforcement was not only determined by the top-down orders of higher-level authorities but was also incentivized by the government’s fiscal dependency and the policy orientations of peer governments. These findings contribute to the health governance literature by providing an overview of local discretion in policy choices, and the political and fiscal dynamics of local policy orientations in promoting health governance in a decentralized health system.

Soviet Asia: Economic Development and National Policy Choices

1989 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Ralph S. Clem ◽  
Leslie Dienes
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Policy Choices

Comparing Gender, Institutions and Political Behavior: Toward an Integrated Theoretical Framework

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miki Caul Kittilson
Keyword(s):  
Violence Against Women ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Feedback Loop ◽  
Maternity Leave ◽  
Political Process ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Policy Feedback ◽  
Policy Choices ◽  
Elected Office

Integrating the behavioral and institutional approaches to comparative politics will provide a more comprehensive theoretical framework for understanding why differences in political engagement among men and women vary cross-nationally and cross-temporally. This essay advances the argument that gender-related policies and institutions are not only outcomes in the political process, but also exert powerful influence over citizens' interests, values, and perceptions of politics. This policy feedback loop has implications for a wide array of political attitudes and activities—from political interest to running for elected office. Specifically, the adoption and expansion of national policies on issues such as equal wages, childcare provision, paid maternity leave, and violence against women carry important messages to the electorate: Issues that disproportionately affect women, long considered private, have become important national policy choices.

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