Acute Effects of Doorway Stretch on the Glenohumeral Rotational Range of Motion and Scapular Position in High-School Baseball Players

Background: This study evaluated the effects of a 4-week initial rehabilitation program in middle and high school baseball players who underwent removal of a loose body from osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus. Methods: Middle and high school baseball players with osteochondritis dissecans of the capitellum humerus were enrolled in this study. Each had more than 3 yr of experience and had undergone arthroscopic removal of loose bodies from the same expert at Kim's Orthop Special Clinic in Seoul. The initial exercise rehabilitation program was based on a two-stage program. Body composition, range of motion of flexion and extension in the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and subjective pain scale were measured before and after rehabilitation. To assess the differences between groups, we used a two-way analysis of variance. Results: The range of motion for flexion and extension of the elbow and wrist joints, grip strength, and score on the visual analog scale each were significantly improved following the 4-week program (P<0.001), had an interactive effect in time × group (P<0.001), and had significance between groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The 4-week initial rehabilitation exercise program might improve the overall range of motion of the elbow joint and has a positive therapeutic effect on grip strength and visual analog scores. However, future welldesigned studies with more subjects and multicentric research groups are necessary for verification.

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Relationship Between Upper Limb Injuries and Hip Range of Motion in Elementary and Junior High School Baseball Players

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/2325967120970916 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 232596712097091

Author(s):

Noritaka Hamano ◽

Hitoshi Shitara ◽

Tsuyoshi Tajika ◽

Takuro Kuboi ◽

Tsuyoshi Ichinose ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Junior High School ◽

Junior High ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Hip Range Of Motion ◽

Elbow Injuries ◽

Hip Flexion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Dominant Side

Background: Shoulder and elbow injuries are major problems in baseball players. Tightness of the upper extremities has been reported as a risk factor for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. However, few studies have been conducted on the relationship between decreased hip range of motion (ROM) and shoulder and elbow injuries. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study aimed to prospectively examine the relationship between hip ROM and throwing-related shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. The hypothesis was that players with unrestricted ROM in the hip would have a reduced risk of upper extremity injuries. Methods: The study included 263 baseball players (mean ± SD age, 10.5 ± 1.3 years; range, 7-14 years). The following physical parameters were assessed: (1) hip flexion ROM measured in the supine position and (2) hip internal and external rotation in the prone position. After the season, players completed questionnaires regarding shoulder and/or elbow injuries. For comparison, the players were classified as injured (not able to play for ≥8 days because of shoulder and/or elbow problems) or noninjured. Results: During the season, 52 players had shoulder and/or elbow injuries. When the injured and noninjured groups were compared, hip flexion on the dominant side (121.5° ± 12.0° vs 126.7° ± 9.8°, respectively; P < .01), hip flexion on the nondominant side (119.6° ± 11.7° vs 126.0° ± 9.9°, respectively; P < .01), and internal rotation on the dominant side (52.5° ± 11.3° vs 56.8° ± 10.8°, respectively; P = .01) were significantly reduced in the injured group. Conclusion: We identified preseason decreases in flexion bilaterally and internal rotation on the dominant side as risk factors for shoulder and elbow injuries in elementary and junior high school baseball players. Further studies are required to prevent disabilities in elementary and junior high school baseball players through development of prevention and intervention programs.

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Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After Competitive High School Baseball

Journal of Sport Rehabilitation ◽

10.1123/jsr.19.2.125 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Stephen J. Thomas ◽

Kathleen A. Swanik ◽

Charles “Buz” Swanik ◽

Kellie C. Huxel ◽

John D. Kelly

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Outcome Measures ◽

External Rotation ◽

Anterior Instability ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Type Design ◽

Short Period ◽

Hands On ◽

Dependent Variables

Context:Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal rotation (IR) and concurrent increases in external rotation (ER). In addition, alterations to scapular position have been identified in this population, but the chronology of these adaptations is uncertain.Objectives:To determine whether there is a change in range of motion and scapular position after a single baseball season.Design:Prospective cohort.Setting:High school.Participants:19 high school baseball players (age 16.6 ± 0.8 y, mass 78.6 ± 12.0 kg, height 180.3 ± 6.2 cm).Interventions:Subjects were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.Main Outcome Measures:Participants were measured for glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER with the scapula stabilized. Total GH range of motion was calculated as the sum of IR and ER. Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane, and scapular protraction, at 0°, hands on hips, and 90° of GH abduction.Results:Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR (11.4°, P = .005) and significantly more ER (4.7°, P = .001) than the nondominant arm. Total motion in the dominant arm was significantly less than in the nondominant arm (6.7°, P = .001). Scapular upward rotation in the dominant arm significantly increased at 0° (2.4°, P = .002) and significantly decreased at 90° (3.2°, P = .001) and 120° (3.2°, P < .001) of abduction from preseason to postseason. Scapular protraction in the nondominant arm significantly decreased at 45° (0.32 cm, P = .017) and 90° (0.33 cm, P = .006) from preseason to postseason.Conclusion:These data suggest that scapular adaptations may be acquired over a relatively short period (12 wk) in a competitive baseball season. Competitive high school baseball players also presented with significant GH motion differences between their dominant and nondominant arms. Total motion was also significantly less in the dominant arm than in the nondominant arm.

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Changes in humeral torsion and shoulder rotation range of motion in high school baseball players over a 1-year period

Clinical Biomechanics ◽

10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.01.014 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 28 (3) ◽

pp. 268-272 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sakiko Oyama ◽

Elizabeth E. Hibberd ◽

Joseph B. Myers

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Humeral Torsion

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Shoulder Range of Motion Measures as Risk Factors for Shoulder and Elbow Injuries in High School Softball and Baseball Players

The American Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1177/0363546511408876 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 39 (9) ◽

pp. 1997-2006 ◽

Cited By ~ 169

Author(s):

Ellen Shanley ◽

Mitchell J. Rauh ◽

Lori A. Michener ◽

Todd S. Ellenbecker ◽

J. Craig Garrison ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Elbow Injuries ◽

Shoulder Range

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Isolated glenohumeral range of motion, excluding side-to-side difference in humeral retroversion, in asymptomatic high-school baseball players

Knee Surgery Sports Traumatology Arthroscopy ◽

10.1007/s00167-014-3193-0 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 1911-1917 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Teruhisa Mihata ◽

Atsushi Takeda ◽

Takeshi Kawakami ◽

Yasuo Itami ◽

Chisato Watanabe ◽

...

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Range Of Motion ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Humeral Retroversion

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The Acute Effects of Sleeper Stretches on Shoulder Range of Motion

Journal of Athletic Training ◽

10.4085/1062-6050-43.4.359 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 43 (4) ◽

pp. 359-363 ◽

Cited By ~ 103

Author(s):

Kevin G. Laudner ◽

Robert C. Sipes ◽

James T. Wilson

Keyword(s):

Range Of Motion ◽

Effect Size ◽

Acute Effects ◽

Baseball Players ◽

Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽

Posterior Shoulder ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Shoulder Motion ◽

Posterior Shoulder Tightness ◽

Shoulder Range

Abstract Context: The deceleration phase of the throwing motion creates large distraction forces at the shoulder, which may result in posterior shoulder tightness and ensuing alterations in shoulder range of motion (ROM) and may result in an increased risk of shoulder injury. Researchers have hypothesized that various stretching options increase this motion, but few data on the effectiveness of treating such tightness are available. Objective: To evaluate the acute effects of “sleeper stretches” on shoulder ROM. Design: Descriptive with repeated measures. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory and 2 separate collegiate athletic training facilities. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-three National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I baseball players (15 pitchers, 18 position players; age = 19.8 ± 1.3 years, height = 184.7 ± 6.4 cm, mass = 84.8 ± 7.7 kg) and 33 physically active male college students (age = 20.1 ± 0.6 years, height = 179.6 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 83.4 ± 11.3 kg) who reported no recent participation (within 5 years) in overhead athletic activities. Intervention(s): Range-of-motion measurements of the dominant shoulder were assessed before and after completion of 3 sets of 30-second passive sleeper stretches among the baseball players. The ROM measurements in the nonthrower group were taken using identical methods as those in the baseball group, but this group did not perform any stretch or movement between measurements. Main Outcome Measure(s): Internal and external glenohumeral rotation ROM and posterior shoulder motion (glenohumeral horizontal adduction). Results: In the baseball group, posterior shoulder tightness, internal rotation ROM, and external rotation ROM were −3.5° ± 7.7°, 43.8° ± 9.5°, and 118.6° ± 10.9°, respectively, before the stretches and were −1.2° ± 8.8°, 46.9° ± 9.8°, and 119.2° ± 11.0°, respectively, after the stretches. These data revealed increases in posterior shoulder motion (P = .01, effect size = 0.30) and in internal shoulder rotation (P = .003, effect size = 0.32) after application of the stretches. No other differences were observed in the baseball group, and no differences were noted in the nonthrower group. Conclusions: Based on our results, the sleeper stretches produced a statistically significant acute increase in posterior shoulder flexibility. However, this change in motion may not be clinically significant.

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