Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After Competitive High School Baseball

2010 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-135 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Thomas ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
Charles “Buz” Swanik ◽  
Kellie C. Huxel ◽  
John D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Anterior Instability ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Hands On ◽  
Dependent Variables

Context:Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal rotation (IR) and concurrent increases in external rotation (ER). In addition, alterations to scapular position have been identified in this population, but the chronology of these adaptations is uncertain.Objectives:To determine whether there is a change in range of motion and scapular position after a single baseball season.Design:Prospective cohort.Setting:High school.Participants:19 high school baseball players (age 16.6 ± 0.8 y, mass 78.6 ± 12.0 kg, height 180.3 ± 6.2 cm).Interventions:Subjects were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.Main Outcome Measures:Participants were measured for glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER with the scapula stabilized. Total GH range of motion was calculated as the sum of IR and ER. Scapular upward rotation was measured at 0°, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane, and scapular protraction, at 0°, hands on hips, and 90° of GH abduction.Results:Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR (11.4°, P = .005) and significantly more ER (4.7°, P = .001) than the nondominant arm. Total motion in the dominant arm was significantly less than in the nondominant arm (6.7°, P = .001). Scapular upward rotation in the dominant arm significantly increased at 0° (2.4°, P = .002) and significantly decreased at 90° (3.2°, P = .001) and 120° (3.2°, P < .001) of abduction from preseason to postseason. Scapular protraction in the nondominant arm significantly decreased at 45° (0.32 cm, P = .017) and 90° (0.33 cm, P = .006) from preseason to postseason.Conclusion:These data suggest that scapular adaptations may be acquired over a relatively short period (12 wk) in a competitive baseball season. Competitive high school baseball players also presented with significant GH motion differences between their dominant and nondominant arms. Total motion was also significantly less in the dominant arm than in the nondominant arm.

Change in Glenohumeral Rotation and Scapular Position After a Division I Collegiate Baseball Season

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-121 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen John Thomas ◽  
Charles B. Swanik ◽  
Kathleen Swanik ◽  
John D. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Division I ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Anterior Instability ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Elbow Injury ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Collegiate Baseball

Context:Pathologies such as anterior instability and impingement are common in baseball and have been linked to decreases in internal-rotation (IR) motion and concurrent increases in external-rotation (ER) motion. In addition, alterations to scapular upward rotation have been identified in this population.Objective:To measure glenohumeral (GH) IR and ER rotation, total range of motion (ROM), and scapular upward rotation throughout the course of a Division I collegiate baseball season.Design:Pretest to posttest study.Setting:Controlled laboratory setting.Participants:Thirty-one collegiate baseball players with no current shoulder or elbow injury completed this study.Intervention:Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason and postseason.Main Outcome Measures:GH IR and ER were measured supine with the scapula stabilized. Total GH ROM was calculated as the sum of IR and ER measures. Scapular upward rotation was tested at rest, 60°, 90°, and 120° of GH abduction in the scapular plane.Results:Overall, the dominant arm had significantly less GH IR and significantly more ER than the nondominant arm. The total motion on the dominant arm was significantly less than on the nondominant arm. No significant differences were observed from preseason to postseason for IR, ER, or total motion. Dominant-arm scapular upward rotation significantly decreased at 60°, 90°, and 120° of abduction from preseason to postseason.Conclusion:Collegiate baseball players presented with significant GH-motion differences (decreases in IR and increases in ER) in their dominant arm compared with their nondominant arm. There was also significantly less total motion on the dominant arm. After 12 wk of competitive Division I collegiate baseball, there were significant decreases in upward rotation over the season.

scholarly journals Assessment of Subacromial Space and Its Relationship With Scapular Upward Rotation in College Baseball Players

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen John Thomas ◽  
Charles Buz Swanik ◽  
Thomas W. Kaminski ◽  
Jill S. Higginson ◽  
Kathleen A. Swanik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Laboratory Setting ◽  
Subacromial Space ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Type Design ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Injured Population ◽  
College Baseball ◽  
Acromiohumeral Distance ◽  
The Relationship

Context:Subacromial impingement is a common injury in baseball players and has been linked to a reduction in the subacromial space. In addition, it has been suggested that decreases in scapular upward rotation will lead to decreases in the subacromial space and ultimately impingement syndrome.Objective:The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation in healthy college baseball players.Design:Posttest-only study design.Setting:Controlled laboratory setting.Participants:24 healthy college baseball players.Intervention:Participants were measured for all dependent variables at preseason.Main Outcome Measures:Acromiohumeral distance at rest and 90° of abduction was measured with a diagnostic ultrasound unit. Scapular upward rotation at rest and 90° of abduction was measured with a digital inclinometer.Results:Dominant-arm acromiohumeral distance at rest and 90° of abduction (P = .694, P = .840) was not significantly different than in the nondominant arm. In addition, there was not a significant correlation between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation at rest and 90° of abduction for either the dominant or the nondominant arm.Conclusions:These results indicate that the acromiohumeral distance is not adapting in the dominant arm in healthy throwing athletes. In addition, a relationship was not identified between acromiohumeral distance and scapular upward rotation, which was previously suggested. These results may suggest that changes that are typically seen in an injured population may be occurring due to the injury and are not preexisting. In addition, scapular upward rotation may not be the only contributing factor to acromiohumeral distance.

scholarly journals Shoulder Strength and Range of Motion in Healthy Collegiate Softball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Biaggi ◽  
Brooke Farmer ◽  
Matthew Hobson ◽  
Curtis Self ◽  
Terry L. Grindstaff
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Athletic Training ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Isometric Strength ◽  
Normative Values ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Overhead Athletes ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion

Abstract Context: Shoulder range of motion (ROM) and strength are key injury evaluation components for overhead athletes. Most normative values are derived from male baseball players with limited information specific to female softball players. Objective: To determine between-limb differences in shoulder ROM and strength in healthy collegiate softball players. Design: Descriptive laboratory study. Setting: University research laboratory and collegiate athletic training room Participants: Twenty-three healthy collegiate softball players (age=19.9 ± 1.2y; height=170.5 ± 4.3cm; mass=78.4 ± 11.3kg). Interventions: Outcome measures included shoulder ROM (internal [IR] and external rotation [ER]), isometric strength (IR, ER, flexion, abduction [135 degrees], and horizontal abduction), and a measure of dynamic strength (Upper Quarter Y Balance Test [UQYBT]). Main Outcome Measures: Paired sample t-tests were used to determine between limb differences for each outcome measure. Results: Participants had significantly more ER ROM (12° more) and significantly less IR ROM (12° less) on the dominant arm, relative to the non-dominant arm. There were no significant differences between limbs for any of the isometric strength measures or for the UQYBT reach directions. Conclusions: While female collegiate softball players demonstrated typical changes in ER and IR ROM in the dominant arm, they demonstrated relatively symmetrical performance across strength measures, which contrasts with previous studies using male baseball players.

Hip internal and external rotation range of motion reliability in youth baseball players

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Edward C. Beck ◽  
Gary S. Collins ◽  
Stephanie R. Filbay ◽  
Kristen F. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Youth Baseball

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Doorway Stretch on the Glenohumeral Rotational Range of Motion and Scapular Position in High-School Baseball Players

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Higuchi ◽  
Yuichi Nakao ◽  
Yasuaki Tanaka ◽  
Masashi Sadakiyo ◽  
Koki Hamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Acute Effects ◽  
Baseball Players

Upper Extremity and Hip Range of Motion Changes Throughout a Season in Professional Baseball Players

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-487
Author(s):  
Justin M. Chan ◽  
John Zajac ◽  
Brandon J. Erickson ◽  
David W. Altchek ◽  
Christopher Camp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lower Extremity ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Case Series ◽  
Significant Risk Factor ◽  
Professional Baseball ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Flexion

Background: Loss of upper and lower extremity range of motion (ROM) is a significant risk factor for injuries in professional baseball players. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to determine changes in ROM in professional baseball players over the course of a single season and their careers. We hypothesized that pitchers and position players would lose ROM, specifically total shoulder motion (total ROM [TROM]) and hip internal rotation (IR), over the course of a season and their careers. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Upper and lower extremity ROM measurements were recorded during pre-, mid-, and postseason on all professional baseball players for a single organization between 2011 and 2018. ROM measurements were compared for pitchers and position players over the course of the season and their careers. Also, ROM measurements over the pre-, mid-, and postseason were compared between pitchers and position players. Results: A total of 166 professional baseball players (98 pitchers, 68 position players) were included. Pitcher hip external rotation (ER; P < .001), IR ( P = .010), and TROM ( P < .001) for lead and trail legs decreased over the course of the season. Pitcher shoulder ER ( P = .005), TROM ( P = .042), and horizontal adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder flexion ( P = .046), hip ER ( P < .001, lead leg; P < .001, trail leg), and hip TROM ( P = .001; P = .002) decreased over the course of the season. Position player shoulder ER ( P = .031) and humeral adduction ( P < .001) significantly increased over the course of the season. Over the course of pitchers’ careers, there was decreased shoulder IR ( P = .014), increased shoulder horizontal adduction ( P < .001), and hip IR ( P = .042) and hip TROM ( P = .027) for the lead leg. Position players experienced loss of hip TROM ( P = .010, lead leg; P = .018, trail leg) over the course of their careers. Pitchers started with and maintained more shoulder ER and gained more shoulder TROM over a season as compared with position players. Conclusion: Pitchers and position players saw overall decreases in hip ROM but increases in shoulder ROM over the course of the season and career.

scholarly journals Shoulder Range of Motion and Baseball Arm Injuries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 1190-1199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Mallory S. Faherty ◽  
Leila Ledbetter ◽  
Charles A. Thigpen ◽  
Timothy C. Sell
Keyword(s):  
Range Of Motion ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
P Value ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Methodologic Quality ◽  
Arm Injuries

Objective Arm injuries in baseball players are a common problem. The identification of modifiable risk factors, including range of motion (ROM), is essential for injury prevention. The purpose of this review was to assess the methodologic quality and level of evidence in the literature and to investigate the relationship between shoulder ROM and the risk of arm injuries in baseball players. Data Sources Relevant studies in PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, and SPORTDiscus published from inception to August 1, 2017. Study Selection Only studies that encompassed healthy baseball cohorts who were assessed for shoulder ROM and prospectively evaluated for injuries throughout a baseball season or seasons were included. Data Extraction Six articles met the search criteria. Only 3 studies were included in the meta-analysis due to disparate participant groups. Data Synthesis The modified Downs and Black scale (0–15 points) was used to analyze methodologic quality. Study quality ranged from 11 to 14. Four studies received high-quality (≥12) and 2 studies received moderate-quality (≥10) scores. The overall pooled analysis demonstrated that absolute and internal-rotation deficits (–5.93 [95% confidence interval {CI} = –9.43, –2.43], P &lt; .001 and 4.28 [0.71, 7.86], P = .02, respectively) and absolute total ROM (TROM; –6.19 [95% CI = –10.28, –2.10]; P = .003) were predictors of injury, and these data exhibited homogeneity (absolute IR P value = .77, I2 = 0%; IR deficit P value = .41, I2 = 0%; absolute TROM P value = .78, I2 = 0%). No significance was observed for absolute external rotation (–2.86 [95% CI = –6.56, 0.83], P = .13), which had data with high heterogeneity (P = .003; I2 = 83%). A deficit in horizontal adduction was a predictor of injury (–8.32 [95% CI = –12.08, –4.56]; P &lt; .001); these data were homogeneous but yielded a moderate heterogenic effect (P = .16; I2 = 50%). Conclusions High-quality evidence demonstrated that deficits in throwing-arm TROM and IR were associated with upper extremity injury in baseball players. Heterogeneity across studies for horizontal adduction suggested that this may be a modifiable risk factor for injury, but it requires further research.

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Humeral Torsion and Arm Injury in Baseball Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
Joshua K. Helmkamp ◽  
Garrett S. Bullock ◽  
Allison Rao ◽  
Ellen Shanley ◽  
Charles Thigpen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Injury Risk ◽  
External Rotation ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Baseball Players ◽  
Shoulder Range Of Motion ◽  
Competition Level ◽  
Humeral Torsion ◽  
The Relationship

Context: Humeral torsion (HT) has been linked to various injuries and benefits. However, the exact interplay between HT, shoulder range of motion (ROM), competition level differences, and injury risk is unclear. Objective: To determine the relationship between HT, ROM, and injury risk in baseball players. Secondarily, to determine HT based on competition level. Data Sources: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched from inception until November 4, 2018. Study Selection: Inclusion criteria consisted of (1) HT measurements and (2) arm injury or shoulder ROM. Study Design: Systematic review. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Data Extraction: Two reviewers recorded patient demographics, competition level, HT, shoulder ROM, and injury data. Results: A total of 32 studies were included. There was no difference between baseball players with shoulder and elbow injuries and noninjured players (side-to-side HT difference: mean difference [MD], 1.75 [95% CI, –1.83 to 2.18]; dominant arm: MD, 0.17 [95% CI, –1.83 to 2.18]). Meta-regression determined that for every 1° increase in shoulder internal rotation (IR), there was a subsequent increase of 0.65° in HT (95% CI, 0.28 to 1.02). HT did not explain external rotation (ER ROM: 0.19 [95% CI, –0.24 to 0.61]) or horizontal adduction (HA ROM: 0.18 [95% CI, –0.46 to 0.82]). There were no differences between HT at the high school, college, or professional levels. Conclusion: No relationship was found between HT and injury risk. However, HT explained 65% of IR ROM but did not explain ER ROM or HA ROM. There were no differences in HT pertaining to competition level. The majority of IR may be nonmodifiable. Treatment to restore and maintain clinical IR may be important, especially in players with naturally greater torsion. HT adaptation may occur prior to high school, which can assist in decisions regarding adolescent baseball participation.

Arthrodesis of the Subtalar Joint in a High School Football Player With a Talocalcaneal Coalition

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 550-554
Author(s):  
John Winslow ◽  
Ryan Norland ◽  
Nathan Storb ◽  
Sam Cannella ◽  
Deborah King
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Conservative Treatment ◽  
Range Of Motion ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Subtalar Joint ◽  
Football Player ◽  
Ankle Pain ◽  
Tarsal Coalition ◽  
High School Football

Tarsal coalition is a bony or fibrous bridge between 2 tarsal bones. The condition is typically congenital and presents in early to mid-adolescence. Common symptoms include ankle pain, stiffness, and limited range of motion. Conservative treatment of tarsal coalition consists of immobilization, short leg walking cast, steroid injections, physical therapy, ankle braces, and orthotics. When conservative care fails, surgical intervention for tarsal coalition includes excision of the coalition or joint arthrodesis. We present a case of a high school football player with a 5-year history of left ankle pain secondary to a talocalcaneal coalition. The athlete did not respond favorably to conservative treatment and underwent a subtalar joint arthrodesis. Prior to surgery, the athlete consented to self-reported functional outcome measures, range of motion measures, and 3D video gait analysis to evaluate the effects of surgery. Measurements were taken prior to surgery and 1½ years after surgery. Clinically significant improvements were seen in subjective outcome measures and functional ankle range of motion in this case. There is limited research available to validate long-term outcomes for current conservative and surgical treatments of tarsal coalition. In this case, joint arthrodesis resulted in a good long-term outcome for this athlete. Levels of Evidence: Therapeutic, Level IV: Case study

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