Regulating sanitation services in sub-saharan africa: An overview of the regulation of emptying and transport of faecal sludge in 20 cities and its implementation

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 101315
Author(s):  
Alix Lerebours ◽  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
Kevin Sansom ◽  
Sam Kayaga
Keyword(s):  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

scholarly journals “They Do Not Care about Us Anymore”: Understanding the Situation of Older People in Ghana

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (5) ◽  
pp. 2337
Author(s):  
Joseph Asumah Braimah ◽  
Mark W. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Older People ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Poor Access ◽  
Access To Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sharing Circles

While existing research acknowledges copious challenges faced by older adults (people aged 60 and over) in Ghana and most countries in sub-Saharan Africa, they fail to situate the lived experiences of this vulnerable group within the broader context of health geography and public health. This paper draws insights from ecological systems theory and the “geographies of older people” literature to examine the lived experiences of older people in Ghana. Data for the study were gathered using interviews (42) and sharing circles (10). Our findings reveal a complex mix of experiences consistent with the different levels of the environment. Dominant themes include access to social support, functional impairment and poor health status, social status, poor access to water and sanitation services, food insecurity, economic insecurity, and caregiving burden. These findings support the wide-held notion that the experiences of older people are complex and produced by the interplay of both individual and structural factors. Our findings demonstrate that sociocultural, economic, political, and climatic factors are important consideration in promoting elderly wellbeing and quality of life in Ghana.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulphide Using Plant Waste Materials for Faecal Sludge Odour Control in Dry Sanitation Toilet Facilities

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Mawumenyo Senanu ◽  
Patrick Boakye ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Divine Damertey Sewu ◽  
Esi Awuah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
S Peak ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Peak Value

Abstract On-site dry sanitation facilities, although cheaper than wet sanitation systems, suffer from high malodour and insect nuisance as well as poor aesthetics. The high odour deters users from utilizing dry sanitation toilet as an improved facility leading to over 20% open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this malodour concern, this study first assessed odour levels, using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as indicators, on two (2) dry sanitation facilities (T1 and T2). The potential of using biomass (sawdust, rice husk, moringa leaves, neem seeds), ash (coconut husk, cocoa husk) or biochar (sawdust, rice husk, bamboo) as biocovers to remove or suppress odour from fresh faecal sludge (FS) over a 12-day period was investigated. Results showed high odour levels, beyond and below the threshold limit for unpleasantness for humans on H2S (peak value: T1 = 3.17 ppm; T2 = 0.22 ppm > 0.05 ppm limit) and NH3 (peak value: T1 = 6.88 ppm; T2 = 3.16 ppm < 30 ppm limit), respectively. The biomasses exhibited low pH (acidic = 5-7) whereas the biochars and ashes had higher pHs (basic = 8-13). Acidic biocovers generally reduced NH3 emission significantly (12.5% to 64.8%) whereas basic biocovers were more effective at H2S emission reduction (80.9% to 96.2%). In terms of H2S and NH3 removal, sawdust biochar was the most effective biocover with odour abatement values of 96.2% and 74.7%, respectively. The results suggest that locally available waste plant-based materials, like sawdust, when converted to biochar can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable way to effectively combat odour-related issues associated with dry sanitation facilities to help stop open defecation.

Utility-small water enterprise partnerships: serving informal urban settlements in Africa

Water Policy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 443-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cyrus Njiru
Keyword(s):  
Water Utilities ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Water Services ◽  
Water And Sanitation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Urban Settlements ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Informal Urban Settlements

Sustainable development cannot be realised when a large proportion of people do not have access to improved water services. Indeed, despite concerted international effort and publicity made in the last two decades to increase coverage of improved water and sanitation services, the number of people without improved water and sanitation services continues to increase. Water utilities are not serving a large proportion of the urban population and small water enterprises (SWEs) have moved to fill the gap. This paper looks at the growing urban water problem and outlines the role played by SWEs in providing water services to those un-served or under-served by water utilities. Typical constraints faced by SWEs are outlined and the rationale for developing utility–SWE partnerships for the benefit of water consumers (customers) is provided. Potential opportunities for developing utility-SWE partnerships are discussed. The paper argues that utility-SWE partnerships can enable SWEs to provide affordable good quality water services to customers, while providing benefit to the utility and thus also assisting the utility to meet its mandate. The paper proposes win–win utility-SWEs partnerships aimed at achieving the objectives of utilities and SWEs while improving water services to customers in informal urban settlements of developing countries, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals Faecal sludge as a solid industrial fuel: a pilot-scale study

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Gold ◽  
Daniel Isaac Waya Ddiba ◽  
Alsane Seck ◽  
Patrick Sekigongo ◽  
Alassane Diene ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Wastewater Sludge ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Clay Bricks ◽  
Financial Benefits ◽  
Treatment Technologies ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Revenues from faecal sludge (FS) treatment end products could offset treatment costs and contribute to financially viable sanitation. In urban sub-Saharan Africa, energy-producing resource recovery has the potential to generate greater revenue than use as soil conditioner. In contrast with wastewater sludge, the technical feasibility of using dried FS as solid fuel in industries has not been investigated. This study evaluated it through characterization of dried FS from drying beds and by assessing the combustion performance in two pilot-scale kilns, in Kampala and Dakar. Results from the fuel characterization demonstrate that dried FS had comparable fuel characteristics as wastewater sludge considering calorific value and ash content. The calorific values and ash contents were 10.9–13.4 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) and 47.0–58.7%, respectively. Results from pilot-scale experiments suggest that dried FS can be effective in providing energy for industries. Temperatures in pilot-scale kilns fueled by FS were 800 °C, sufficient for curing of clay bricks, and 437 °C, sufficient for waste oil regeneration. In Kampala and Dakar, an estimated 20,000 tons of FS DM per year accumulate. Tapping the industrial fuel market and financial benefits could be realized through optimization of onsite sanitation and treatment technologies.

scholarly journals Water reclamation for industrial use in sub-Saharan Africa – a critical review

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Noor Jehan Gulamussen ◽  
André Marques Arsénio ◽  
Nelson Pedro Matsinhe ◽  
Louis Cornelis Rietveld
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
World Population ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Industrial Use ◽  
Sub Saharan

Abstract. The increasing world population and growth of industrial development lead to growing water scarcity that, combined with deficient sanitation services, represents serious challenges, particularly in regions like sub-Saharan Africa. Water reclamation is a promising approach to reduce water scarcity, serving as a driving force for better sanitation services and protecting the environment by treating sewage and redistributing for the benefit of other water-dependent applications (e.g., industries). This paper aims to give an overview of the global trends on water reclamation, with a focus on industrial use, and to derive lessons for implementation of water reclamation projects in sub-Saharan Africa. Findings show that extensive experience exists in technology and management practices that can allow successful implementation of water reclamation projects in the region. Under the conditions of deficient sanitation services and low levels of technical expertise, the main challenge is to develop a framework that can facilitate the integration of social and technological methodologies and help in introducing water reclamation in water allocation planning, including the development of specific legislation for industrial water use and disposal.

scholarly journals Inhibition of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide as faecal sludge odour control in dry sanitation toilet facilities using plant waste materials

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernice Mawumenyo Senanu ◽  
Patrick Boakye ◽  
Sampson Oduro-Kwarteng ◽  
Divine Damertey Sewu ◽  
Esi Awuah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Open Defecation ◽  
Threshold Limit ◽  
Odour Control ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sanitation Systems ◽  
Faecal Sludge

AbstractOn-site dry sanitation facilities, although cheaper than wet sanitation systems, suffer from high malodour and insect nuisance as well as poor aesthetics. The high odour deters users from utilizing dry sanitation toilets as an improved facility leading to over 20% open defecation in Sub-Saharan Africa. To address this malodour concern, this study first assessed odour levels, using hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and ammonia (NH3) as indicators, on two dry sanitation facilities named T1 and T2. The potential of using biomass (sawdust, rice husk, moringa leaves, neem seeds), ash (coconut husk, cocoa husk) or biochar (sawdust, rice husk, bamboo) as biocovers to remove or suppress odour from fresh faecal sludge (FS) over a 12-day period was investigated. Results showed that the odour levels for H2S in both T1 (3.17 ppm) and T2 (0.22 ppm) were above the threshold limit of 0.05 ppm, for unpleasantness in humans and vice versa for NH3 odour levels (T1 = 6.88 ppm; T2 = 3.16 ppm; threshold limit = 30 ppm limit). The biomasses exhibited low pH (acidic = 5–7) whereas the biochars and ashes had higher pHs (basic = 8–13). Basic biocovers were more effective at H2S emission reduction (80.9% to 96.2%) than acidic biocovers. The effect of pH on suppression of NH3 was determined to be statistically insignificant at 95% confidence limit. In terms of H2S and NH3 removal, sawdust biochar was the most effective biocover with odour abatement values of 96.2% and 74.7%, respectively. The results suggest that biochar produced from locally available waste plant-based materials, like sawdust, can serve as a cost-effective and sustainable way to effectively combat odour-related issues associated with dry sanitation facilities to help stop open defecation.

scholarly journals Assessment of the faecal sludge management practices in households of a sub-Saharan Africa urban area and the health risks associated: the case study of Yaoundé, Cameroon

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Wilfried Arsène Letah Nzouebet ◽  
Ebenezer Soh Kengne ◽  
Guy Valerie Djumyom Wafo ◽  
Chistian Wanda ◽  
Andrea Rechenburg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Area ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

scholarly journals Private emptiers' perspectives on the regulation of faecal sludge emptying services in Sub-Saharan Africa

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alix Lerebours ◽  
Rebecca Scott ◽  
Kevin Sansom
Keyword(s):  
Delphi Study ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Willingness To Accept ◽  
Urban Residents ◽  
The Public ◽  
Fair Competition ◽  
Environmental Health Risks ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Abstract Using a two-round Delphi study, 15 faecal sludge emptiers from 11 cities in Sub-Saharan Africa have expressed views on the regulation of faecal sludge emptying services. Their responses identify the regulatory mechanisms in place where they operate, their opinions of these mechanisms, and prioritisation of those considered most useful to enable safe emptying services for all urban residents. All respondents (100%) support regulation, with 80% finding the regulation they encounter useful. However, all also state that regulatory mechanisms should extend beyond only rules and sanctions, to incorporate support, incentives and pro-poor mechanisms. This study is the first to provide a first-hand account of Sub-Saharan African private emptiers' willingness to accept clear regulation. In that regard, regulation should be flexible and adapted to the context in order to facilitate fair competition, safe and satisfactory service for customers and workers alike, and to alleviate the public and environmental health risks.

scholarly journals Decentralized options for faecal sludge management in urban slum areas of Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of technologies, practices and end-uses

2015 ◽  
Vol 104 ◽  
pp. 109-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swaib Semiyaga ◽  
Mackay A.E. Okure ◽  
Charles B. Niwagaba ◽  
Alex Y. Katukiza ◽  
Frank Kansiime
Keyword(s):  
Urban Slum ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sludge Management ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Slum Areas ◽  
End Uses

scholarly journals To char or not to char? Review of technologies to produce solid fuels for resource recovery from faecal sludge

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nienke Andriessen ◽  
Barbara J. Ward ◽  
Linda Strande
Keyword(s):  
Solid Fuel ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Resource Recovery ◽  
Hydrothermal Carbonization ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Market Potential ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Combustion Technology ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Faecal Sludge

Abstract Resource recovery from faecal sludge can take many forms, including as a fuel, soil amendment, building material, protein, animal fodder, and water for irrigation. Resource recovery as a solid fuel has been found to have high market potential in Sub-Saharan Africa. Laboratory- and pilot-scale research on faecal sludge solid fuel production exists, but it is unclear which technology option is most suitable in which conditions. This review offers an overview and critical analysis of the current state of technologies that can produce a dried or carbonized solid fuel, including drying, pelletizing, hydrothermal carbonization, and slow-pyrolysis. Carbonization alters fuel properties, and in faecal sludge, it concentrates the ash content and decreases the calorific value. Overall, a non-carbonized faecal sludge fuel is recommended, unless a carbonized product is specifically required by the combustion technology or end user. Carbonized and non-carbonized fuels have distinct characteristics, and deciding whether to char or not to char is a key judgement in determining the optimal solid fuel technology option. Based on the existing evidence, this review provides a decision-making structure for selecting the optimal technology to produce a faecal sludge solid fuel and identifies the top research needs prior to full-scale implementation.

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