Perceived Cancer Risk and Evaluation of Public Awareness of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Tests in the United States

Sales, Acquisitions, and Mergers of Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing Companies

10.37419/lr.v8.i2.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 403-421

Author(s):

Alyssa K. McLeod

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genetic Testing ◽

Personal Information ◽

Personal Data ◽

The United States ◽

Genetic Tests ◽

Direct To Consumer ◽

Testing Company ◽

Privacy Risks ◽

A Company

Direct-to-consumer genetic tests have become increasingly popular in the United States within the last few years. However, these tests pose many risks to the consumer, most notably privacy risks. A subset of these privacy risks involves the issue of company mergers, acquisitions, and sales. Many companies in the direct-to-consumer genetic testing market have privacy policies that contain a variation of a “business transfer” clause. These clauses specify that in the event the company goes through a business transition such as a sale, merger, or acquisition, the consumer’s personal information—including the consumer’s DNA—will be among the assets transferred. This Article explores the risks associated with these business transfer clauses as they relate to the consumer, and presents a solution to mitigate said risks. The solution lies in FTC v. Toysmart, wherein a toy company that filed for bankruptcy was restricted in selling its assets—which included its customers’ personal data— only to entities with the same interests as the toy company. This Article urges that the default interpretation standard of business transfer clauses track similarly such that a direct-to-consumer genetic testing company may only be sold to, merged with, or acquired by a company with the same or like interests.

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Rights Discourse and Assisted Suicide

American Journal of Law & Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0098858800011163 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 27 (1) ◽

pp. 45-99

Author(s):

Penney Lewis

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Assisted Suicide ◽

Public Awareness ◽

The United States ◽

Medical Professionals ◽

Physician Assisted Suicide ◽

Criminal Trials ◽

Supreme Courts ◽

Rights Discourse ◽

Law Professors

The debate surrounding the legalization of assisted suicide has been galvanized in recent years by reports of specific cases of assisted suicide, primarily involving physicians such as Kevorkian and Quill, and by impassioned pleas for legalization and assistance in suicide from individuals suffering in the throes of terminal or agonizing diseases, such as Sue Rodriguez. Media attention on criminal trials of individuals accused of assisting in a suicide has heightened public awareness of the issue. The constitutionality of criminal prohibitions on assisted suicide has been tested in various jurisdictions, and has recently been considered by the Supreme Courts of both the United States and Canada. Following two narrowly unsuccessful attempts to enact dignified death provisions by referenda in Washington and California, Oregon voters passed the first of such proposed laws in November 1994, providing for physician-assisted suicide under certain specified conditions. Attempts to introduce legislation to legalize assisted suicide in other jurisdictions have been galvanized by the success in Oregon. A model statute has been drafted by a group of law professors, philosophers and medical professionals.

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Rotating Night-Shift Work and Lung Cancer Risk Among Female Nurses in the United States

American Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.1093/aje/kwt155 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 178 (9) ◽

pp. 1434-1441 ◽

Cited By ~ 46

Author(s):

E. S. Schernhammer ◽

D. Feskanich ◽

G. Liang ◽

J. Han

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Lung Cancer ◽

Cancer Risk ◽

Shift Work ◽

Lung Cancer Risk ◽

Night Shift ◽

The United States ◽

Night Shift Work ◽

Female Nurses

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Controversial advertising of medicines. A comparison between Poland and the United States

Annales Etyka w życiu gospodarczym ◽

10.18778/1899-2226.21.5.06 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 67-79

Author(s):

Marta Makowska

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Prescription Drugs ◽

The United States ◽

The European Union ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Direct To Consumer ◽

Law And Ethics ◽

The Us ◽

The Law ◽

Direct To Consumer Advertising

For many years, the subject of aggressive marketing campaigns conducted by pharmaceutical companies has been raised in Poland. Drug ads are everywhere, on television, the radio, magazines and on the Internet. Therefore, it is extremely important is to ensure both their legal and ethical dimension. This article will present the differences between direct-to-consumer advertising of medicines in Poland and in the US. The dissimilarities result mainly from differences in legislation. In Poland, the law is much stricter than in the US. For example, in the United States companies are allowed to advertise prescription drugs directly to patients. In the whole of the European Union, and thus in Poland, it is strictly prohibited. The article will also present other regulations existing in Poland and in the United States and it will compare them. It will offer examples of violations of the law and ethics in the advertising of medicine in both countries. Lastly, it will briefly outline the negative consequences of unacceptable pharmaceutical marketing.

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Health care providers and direct-to-consumer access and advertising of genetic testing in the United States

Genome Medicine ◽

10.1186/gm297 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 3 (12) ◽

pp. 81 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Melanie F Myers

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Health Care ◽

Genetic Testing ◽

Health Care Providers ◽

The United States ◽

Care Providers ◽

Direct To Consumer ◽

Consumer Access

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The Public Awareness of the Prevalence and Impact of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in the United States

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology ◽

10.1097/00004836-200405000-00006 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 38 (5) ◽

pp. 419-424 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

G Nicholas Verne

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽

Public Awareness ◽

The United States ◽

The Public ◽

Irritable Bowel

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United States

Dementia Care: International Perspectives ◽

10.1093/med/9780198796046.003.0041 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 305-312

Author(s):

Angela M Lunde ◽

Ronald C Petersen ◽

John A Lucas

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Research Funding ◽

Public Awareness ◽

The United States ◽

Care Quality ◽

National Plan ◽

Genetic Studies ◽

Number Of Treatment

In the United States, the National Alzheimer’s Project Act was signed into law in January 2011, and the first National Plan appeared just over 12 months later, with five goals: to prevent and effectively treat Alzheimer’s disease by 2025, to enhance care quality and efficiency, to expand support for people with Alzheimer’s disease and their families, to enhance public awareness and engagement, and to improve data to track progress. The National Plan has seen a rise in research funding (currently standing at US$1.4 billion). Individual states, at the same time, began discussions about initiatives aimed at addressing personal, societal, and financial implications of Alzheimer’s disease. An example is from Minnesota where counselling and support for caregivers are provided, with an estimated saving for the state of Minnesota of US$970 million by 2025. In addition, a number of treatment trials are under way, looking at the effect of monoclonal antibodies on Alzheimer’s disease and a series of genetic studies.

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The introduction of the medicinal partner in direct-to-consumer advertising: Viagra’s contribution to pharmaceutical fetishism and patient-as-consumer discourse in healthcare

Qualitative Research in Medicine & Healthcare ◽

10.4081/qrmh.2018.7646 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Janelle Applequist

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Erectile Dysfunction ◽

Pharmaceutical Industry ◽

The United States ◽

Social Meaning ◽

Pharmaceutical Advertising ◽

Direct To Consumer ◽

Look Back ◽

Market Transaction ◽

Direct To Consumer Advertising

Pfizer, manufacturer of the erectile dysfunction prescription treatment Viagra, has been a staple in the pharmaceutical advertising arena since broadcast versions of such ads became legally permissible in the United States in 1997. Given that the patent for Viagra is soon set to expire, it is important that research take a look back in an attempt to contextualize the brand’s place in shaping medicinal marketing culture. Of particular interest is the period beginning in 2014, when Viagra’s most unconventional campaign yet began using a tactic that was the first of its kind for the pharmaceutical industry. By removing the actual consumer of the medication from these ads (males), Viagra has paved the way for pharmaceutical advertising to target the medicinal partner. This manuscript reviews the first use of the medicinal partner in the pharmaceutical advertising sector, conducting a textual analysis of Viagra’s use of this mediated relationship. The medicinal partner is the pharmaceutical industry’s attempt to target a patient’s social circle in an effort to promote a discourse that suggests a medicinal remedy for a problem. This analysis describes how social meaning and relationships underlie the market transaction of obtaining a prescription, as has been previously established through the processes of medicalization and pharmaceutical fetishism. These advertisements create belief in the larger sense, meaning Pfizer is infiltrating upon the patient’s process of choice and consumption of medicinal remedies. Viagra is simultaneously encouraging male consumers to celebrate the brand while using female ambassadors to influence the decision to request medicinal intervention.

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