scholarly journals Female reproductive senescence across mammals: A high diversity of patterns modulated by life history and mating traits

2020 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 111377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Lemaître ◽  
Victor Ronget ◽  
Jean-Michel Gaillard
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Senescence ◽  
High Diversity

Molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. R843-R863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinald Pamplona ◽  
David Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Life History ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
High Diversity

In this review, it is our aim 1) to describe the high diversity in molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals, 2) to extend the traditional concept of antioxidant to other structural and functional factors affecting the “whole” organism, 3) to incorporate, when supportable by evidence, mechanisms into models of life-history trade-offs and maternal/epigenetic inheritance, 4) to highlight the importance of studying the biochemical integration of redox systems, and 5) to discuss the link between maximum life span and antioxidant defenses. The traditional concept of antioxidant defenses emphasizes the importance of the chemical nature of molecules with antioxidant properties. Research in the past 20 years shows that animals have also evolved a high diversity in structural defenses that should be incorporated in research on antioxidant responses to reactive species. Although there is a high diversity in antioxidant defenses, many of them are evolutionary conserved across animal taxa. In particular, enzymatic defenses and heat shock response mediated by proteins show a low degree of variation. Importantly, activation of an antioxidant response may be also energetically and nutrient demanding. So knowledge of antioxidant mechanisms could allow us to identify and to quantify any underlying costs, which can help explain life-history trade-offs. Moreover, the study of inheritance mechanisms of antioxidant mechanisms has clear potential to evaluate the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to stress response phenotype variation.

scholarly journals The evolutionary origins of diadromy inferred from a time-calibrated phylogeny for Clupeiformes (herring and allies)

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1778) ◽  
pp. 20132081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin D. Bloom ◽  
Nathan R. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Diadromous Species

One of the most remarkable types of migration found in animals is diadromy, a life-history behaviour in which individuals move between oceans and freshwater habitats for feeding and reproduction. Diadromous fishes include iconic species such as salmon, eels and shad, and have long fascinated biologists because they undergo extraordinary physiological and behavioural modifications to survive in very different habitats. However, the evolutionary origins of diadromy remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the widely accepted productivity hypothesis, which states that differences in productivity between marine and freshwater biomes determine the origins of the different modes of diadromy. Specifically, the productivity hypothesis predicts that anadromous lineages should evolve in temperate areas from freshwater ancestors and catadromous lineages should evolve in tropical areas from marine ancestors. To test this, we generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for Clupeiformes (herrings, anchovies, sardines and allies), an ecologically and economically important group that includes high diversity of diadromous species. Our results do not support the productivity hypothesis. Instead we find that the different modes of diadromy do not have predictable ancestry based on latitude, and that predation, competition and geological history may be at least as important as productivity in determining the origins of diadromy.

scholarly journals An empirical test of evolutionary theories for reproductive senescence and reproductive effort in the garter snake Thamnophis elegans

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1612) ◽  
pp. 943-950 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amanda M Sparkman ◽  
Stevan J Arnold ◽  
Anne M Bronikowski
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Empirical Test ◽  
Reproductive Failure ◽  
Fast Growth ◽  
Garter Snake ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Reproductive Senescence ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Thamnophis Elegans

Evolutionary theory predicts that differential reproductive effort and rate of reproductive senescence will evolve under different rates of external mortality. We examine the evolutionary divergence of age-specific reproduction in two life-history ecotypes of the western terrestrial garter snake, Thamnophis elegans . We test for the signature of reproductive senescence (decreasing fecundity with age) and increasing reproductive effort with age (increasing reproductive productivity per gram female) in replicate populations of two life-history ecotypes: snakes that grow fast, mature young and have shorter lifespans, and snakes that grow slow, mature late and have long lives. The difference between life-history ecotypes is due to genetic divergence in growth rate. We find (i) reproductive success (live litter mass) increases with age in both ecotypes, but does so more rapidly in the fast-growth ecotype, (ii) reproductive failure increases with age in both ecotypes, but the proportion of reproductive failure to total reproductive output remains invariant, and (iii) reproductive effort remains constant in fast-growth individuals with age, but declines in slow-growth individuals. This illustration of increasing fecundity with age, even at the latest ages, deviates from standard expectations for reproductive senescence, as does the lack of increases in reproductive effort. We discuss our findings in light of recent theories regarding the phenomenon of increased reproduction throughout life in organisms with indeterminate growth and its potential to offset theoretical expectations for the ubiquity of senescence.

scholarly journals Life-history variability and conservation status of landlocked Atlantic salmon: an overview

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (10) ◽  
pp. 1697-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Hutchings ◽  
William R. Ardren ◽  
Bjørn T. Barlaup ◽  
Eva Bergman ◽  
Keith D. Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Eastern North America ◽  
Osmerus Mordax ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
Coregonus Albula ◽  
Multiple Challenges ◽  
High Diversity

Nonanadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exhibit a combination of variation in life history, habitat, and species co-existence matched by few vertebrates. Distributed in eastern North America and northern Europe, habitat ranges from hundreds of metres of river to Europe’s largest lakes. As juveniles, those with access to a lake usually migrate to feed and grow prior to reproduction. Prey such as smelt (Osmerus mordax, Osmerus eperlanus) and vendace (Coregonus albula) facilitate large body size (50–85 cm at maturity) and persistence in high-diversity (>20 fish species) environments; small-bodied salmon (10–30 cm at maturity), relying on insects as prey, coexist with few (fewer than five) other fishes. At maturity, weight varies more than 400-fold (17 to 7200 g) among populations, fecundity more than 150-fold (33 to 5600), and longevity almost fivefold (3 to 14 years). Landlocked salmon are managed to support sustainable fishing, achieve conservation and restoration targets, and mitigate threats; successes are evident but multiple challenges persist. Extraordinary variability in life history coupled with extensive breadth of habitat and species co-existence render landlocked Atlantic salmon singularly impressive from a biodiversity perspective.

Interrelationships of factors of social development are more complex than Life History Theory predicts

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Kotchoubey
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Strong Correlations ◽  
Behavioral Features

Abstract Life History Theory (LHT) predicts a monotonous relationship between affluence and the rate of innovations and strong correlations within a cluster of behavioral features. Although both predictions can be true in specific cases, they are incorrect in general. Therefore, the author's explanations may be right, but they do not prove LHT and cannot be generalized to other apparently similar processes.

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