scholarly journals The evolutionary origins of diadromy inferred from a time-calibrated phylogeny for Clupeiformes (herring and allies)

2014 ◽  
Vol 281 (1778) ◽  
pp. 20132081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Devin D. Bloom ◽  
Nathan R. Lovejoy
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Geological History ◽  
Important Group ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
High Diversity ◽  
Diadromous Species

One of the most remarkable types of migration found in animals is diadromy, a life-history behaviour in which individuals move between oceans and freshwater habitats for feeding and reproduction. Diadromous fishes include iconic species such as salmon, eels and shad, and have long fascinated biologists because they undergo extraordinary physiological and behavioural modifications to survive in very different habitats. However, the evolutionary origins of diadromy remain poorly understood. Here, we examine the widely accepted productivity hypothesis, which states that differences in productivity between marine and freshwater biomes determine the origins of the different modes of diadromy. Specifically, the productivity hypothesis predicts that anadromous lineages should evolve in temperate areas from freshwater ancestors and catadromous lineages should evolve in tropical areas from marine ancestors. To test this, we generated a time-calibrated phylogeny for Clupeiformes (herrings, anchovies, sardines and allies), an ecologically and economically important group that includes high diversity of diadromous species. Our results do not support the productivity hypothesis. Instead we find that the different modes of diadromy do not have predictable ancestry based on latitude, and that predation, competition and geological history may be at least as important as productivity in determining the origins of diadromy.

Evidence for multiple paternity in two species of Orconectes crayfish

2014 ◽  
Vol 92 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-988 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.F. Kahrl ◽  
R.H. Laushman ◽  
A.J. Roles
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Life History ◽  
Multiple Mating ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Multiple Paternity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Freshwater Crayfish ◽  
Decapod Crustaceans ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Crayfish Species

Multiple mating is expected to be common in organisms that produce large clutches as a mechanism by which sexual reproduction can enrich genetic variation. For freshwater crayfish, observation of multiple mating suggests the potential for high rates of multiple paternity, but genetic confirmation is largely lacking from natural populations. We studied paternity within wild-caught broods of two crayfish species in the genus Orconectes (Sanborn’s crayfish (Orconectes sanbornii (Faxon, 1884)) and the Allegheny crayfish (Orconectes obscurus (Hagen, 1870))). Although females have been observed mating with multiple males, this is the first genetic confirmation of multiple paternity in broods of these two species. Berried females were collected in the field and maintained in aquaria until their eggs hatched. We amplified and genotyped extracted DNA from maternal and hatchling tissue for several microsatellite loci. For both species, paternity reconstruction (GERUD 2.0) yielded 2–3 sires per brood and no single paternity clutches. We discuss these results from natural populations in light of the body of work on reproductive ecology of decapod crustaceans and in the context of changes in life history following the transition from marine to freshwater habitats.

Molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals

2011 ◽  
Vol 301 (4) ◽  
pp. R843-R863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reinald Pamplona ◽  
David Costantini
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Life History ◽  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Epigenetic Inheritance ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Redox Systems ◽  
Traditional Concept ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Antioxidant Mechanisms ◽  
High Diversity

In this review, it is our aim 1) to describe the high diversity in molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals, 2) to extend the traditional concept of antioxidant to other structural and functional factors affecting the “whole” organism, 3) to incorporate, when supportable by evidence, mechanisms into models of life-history trade-offs and maternal/epigenetic inheritance, 4) to highlight the importance of studying the biochemical integration of redox systems, and 5) to discuss the link between maximum life span and antioxidant defenses. The traditional concept of antioxidant defenses emphasizes the importance of the chemical nature of molecules with antioxidant properties. Research in the past 20 years shows that animals have also evolved a high diversity in structural defenses that should be incorporated in research on antioxidant responses to reactive species. Although there is a high diversity in antioxidant defenses, many of them are evolutionary conserved across animal taxa. In particular, enzymatic defenses and heat shock response mediated by proteins show a low degree of variation. Importantly, activation of an antioxidant response may be also energetically and nutrient demanding. So knowledge of antioxidant mechanisms could allow us to identify and to quantify any underlying costs, which can help explain life-history trade-offs. Moreover, the study of inheritance mechanisms of antioxidant mechanisms has clear potential to evaluate the contribution of epigenetic mechanisms to stress response phenotype variation.

scholarly journals Evolution of Divergent Life History Strategies in Marine Alphaproteobacteria

mBio ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiwei Luo ◽  
Miklós Csűros ◽  
Austin L. Hughes ◽  
Mary Ann Moran
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Carbon Mineralization ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacterioplankton ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Eukaryotic Phytoplankton ◽  
Microbial Groups

ABSTRACT Marine bacteria in the Roseobacter and SAR11 lineages successfully exploit the ocean habitat, together accounting for ~40% of bacteria in surface waters, yet have divergent life histories that exemplify patch-adapted versus free-living ecological roles. Here, we use a phylogenetic birth-and-death model to understand how genome content supporting different life history strategies evolved in these related alphaproteobacterial taxa, showing that the streamlined genomes of free-living SAR11 were gradually downsized from a common ancestral genome only slightly larger than the extant members (~2,000 genes), while the larger and variably sized genomes of roseobacters evolved along dynamic pathways from a sizeable common ancestor (~8,000 genes). Genome changes in the SAR11 lineage occurred gradually over ~800 million years, whereas Roseobacter genomes underwent more substantial modifications, including major periods of expansion, over ~260 million years. The timing of the first Roseobacter genome expansion was coincident with the predicted radiation of modern marine eukaryotic phytoplankton of sufficient size to create nutrient-enriched microzones and is consistent with present-day ecological associations between these microbial groups. We suggest that diversification of red-lineage phytoplankton is an important driver of divergent life history strategies among the heterotrophic bacterioplankton taxa that dominate the present-day ocean. IMPORTANCE One-half of global primary production occurs in the oceans, and more than half of this is processed by heterotrophic bacterioplankton through the marine microbial food web. The diversity of life history strategies that characterize different bacterioplankton taxa is an important subject, since the locations and mechanisms whereby bacteria interact with seawater organic matter has effects on microbial growth rates, metabolic pathways, and growth efficiencies, and these in turn affect rates of carbon mineralization to the atmosphere and sequestration into the deep sea. Understanding the evolutionary origins of the ecological strategies that underlie biochemical interactions of bacteria with the ocean system, and which scale up to affect globally important biogeochemical processes, will improve understanding of how microbial diversity is maintained and enable useful predictions about microbial response in the future ocean.

Residence times of juvenile salmon and steelhead in off-channel tidal freshwater habitats, Columbia River, USA

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 684-696 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gary E. Johnson ◽  
Gene R. Ploskey ◽  
Nichole K. Sather ◽  
David J. Teel
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Chinook Salmon ◽  
Coho Salmon ◽  
Columbia River ◽  
Tidal Freshwater ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Residence Times ◽  
Juvenile Salmonids ◽  
Freshwater Habitats

We documented two life history strategies for juvenile salmonids as expressed in off-channel tidal freshwater habitats of the Columbia River: (i) active migrations by upper river Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) during the primary spring and summer migration periods and (ii) overwinter rearing in tidal freshwater habitats by coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and naturally produced Chinook salmon mostly from lower river sources. During spring–summer 2007–2008, acoustic-tagged fish originating above Bonneville Dam (rkm 234) had short residence times in off-channel areas (rkm 192–203): median 2.5 and 2.6 h for yearling (mean lengths 134 and 158 mm) and 3.0 and 3.4 h for subyearling (104 and 116 mm) Chinook salmon and 2.5 h for yearling steelhead (215 mm). The percentage of fish in off-channel areas out of the total in the main- and off-channels areas was highest for yearling Chinook salmon (8.1% and 9.3% for 2007 and 2008, respectively) and lowest for steelhead (4.0% for 2008) and subyearling Chinook salmon (3.6% and 6.1% for 2007 and 2008, respectively). In late January and early February 2010, 2011, and 2012, we captured and tagged yearling Chinook and coho salmon occupying off-channel tidal freshwater habitats. Median residence times in off-channel areas were 11.6–25.5 days for juvenile Chinook (106, 115, and 118 mm, respectively by year) and 11.2 days for coho salmon (116 mm). This study is the first to estimate residence times for juvenile salmonids specifically in off-channel areas of tidal fresh water and, most importantly, residence times for Chinook salmon expressing a life history of overwintering in tidal fresh water. The findings support restoration of shallow off-channel habitats in tidal freshwater portions of the Columbia River.

Freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries in tropical Australia: a review of the state of knowledge and application of a suggested approach

2005 ◽  
Vol 56 (3) ◽  
pp. 343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie B. Robins ◽  
Ian A. Halliday ◽  
Jonathan Staunton-Smith ◽  
David G. Mayer ◽  
Michelle J. Sellin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Northern Australia ◽  
Freshwater Flow ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
History Information ◽  
Tropical Areas ◽  
Tropical Australia ◽  
Research Questions

The freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries in tropical areas are reviewed, with reference to species important to fisheries in northern Australia. Fisheries production, in terms of catch, is often elevated during, or as a consequence of, years with higher river flow, but the causality of these relationships often remains unproven. Scientific information on the freshwater-flow requirements important to fisheries production is increasingly being sought during the planning, allocation and management of water resources within Australia and in other countries around the world. Frequently, such advice is based on the analysis of catch and freshwater flow (or rainfall), or on life-history information. Clarifying fisheries-specific goals of water management would assist in prioritising research into the freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries. A framework that integrates life-history information and correlative analyses is suggested to assist in understanding the freshwater-flow requirements of estuarine fisheries. The framework is also useful in identifying knowledge gaps and pertinent research questions. The approach is illustrated through its application to identifying key freshwater-flow events likely to be important for fisheries production in a dry tropical estuary in Queensland, Australia.

scholarly journals Marine trophic diversity in an anadromous fish is linked to its life-history variation in fresh water

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 20120824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan P. Johnson ◽  
Daniel E. Schindler
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Life Histories ◽  
Sockeye Salmon ◽  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Life History Variation ◽  
Trophic Diversity ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Salmon Population ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Foraging Tactics

We used carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes from muscle tissues accrued in the ocean to examine whether marine foraging tactics in anadromous sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka ) are linked to their ultimate freshwater life history as adults. Adults from large-bodied populations spawning in deep freshwater habitats had more enriched δ 15 N than individuals from small-bodied populations from shallow streams. Within populations, earlier maturing individuals had higher δ 15 N than older fish. These differences in δ 15 N suggest that the fish with different life histories or spawning habitats in freshwater either fed at different trophic positions or in different habitats in the ocean. We propose that, nested within interspecific diversity in the ecological attributes of salmon, population and life-history diversity in spawning adults is associated with variation in marine foraging tactics. These results further indicate that the trophic diversity of sockeye salmon in the ocean may be linked to trade-offs in ecological and evolutionary constraints they eventually experience as adults in freshwater ecosystems.

scholarly journals Comparative transcriptomics of anadromous and resident brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis before their first salt water transition

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marylène Boulet ◽  
Éric Normandeau ◽  
Bérénice Bougas ◽  
Céline Audet ◽  
Louis Bernatchez
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Salvelinus Fontinalis ◽  
Salt Water ◽  
Cdna Array ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Brook Charr ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
Controlled Environments

Abstract Most salmonid taxa have an anadromous life history strategy, whereby fish migrate to saltwater habitats for a growth period before returning to freshwater habitats for spawning. Moreover, several species are characterized by different life history tactics whereby resident and anadromous forms may occur in genetically differentiated populations within a same species, as well as polymorphism within a population. The molecular mechanisms underlying the physiological differences between anadromous and resident forms during the first transition from freshwater to saltwater environments are only partially understood. Insofar research has typically focused on species of the genus Salmo. Here, using a 16,000 cDNA array, we tested the hypothesis that ana-dromous brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis are characterized by differences in their transcriptome relative to resident brook charr before the anadromous fish migration. Families originating from parapatric populations of anadromous and resident charr were reared in controlled environments mimicking natural temperature and photoperiod, and sampled in spring, while still in fresh water. While anadromous and resident charr showed similar transcriptome profiles in white muscle, they were characterized by striking differences in their gill transcriptome profiles. Genes that were upregulated in the gills of anadromous charr were principally involved in metabolism (mitochondrial electron transport chain, glucose metabolism, and protein synthesis), development (tissue differentiation) and innate immunity. We discuss the nature of these transcriptomic differences in relation to molecular mechanisms underlying the expression of anadromous and resident life history tactics and suggest that the anadromous charr express some of the molecular processes present in other migratory salmonids.

scholarly journals Parallel life history evolution in mouthbrooding cichlids from the African Great Lakes

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (40) ◽  
pp. 15475-15480 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabrice Duponchelle ◽  
Emmanuel Paradis ◽  
Anthony J. Ribbink ◽  
George F. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Great Lakes ◽  
Cichlid Fish ◽  
Life History Evolution ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
Rocky Shores ◽  
African Great Lakes ◽  
Freshwater Habitats ◽  
History Evolution ◽  
The Many

The existence of ancient deep-water lakes provides an opportunity to study the independent adaptation of aquatic organisms to pelagic, benthic, and rocky shore habitats. With improving resolution of their phylogenetic relationships, the many cichlid fish species endemic to the African Great Lakes Malawi, Tanganyika, and Victoria provide a significant resource for the comparative study of such evolutionary processes. Here, we show that cichlid lineages colonizing rocky shores and pelagic habitats in the different lakes have independently evolved larger eggs and lower fecundities than benthic lineages, suggesting parallel adaptive life-history evolution. By contrast, other pelagic teleost fishes in both marine and freshwater habitats, including African lakes, typically produce large numbers of very small eggs. Our results also suggest that decreased fecundity and increased egg size not only occurred independently in each lake but occurred independently in the colonization of rocky and pelagic habitats.

scholarly journals Relations Between the Behavioral Approach System (BAS) and Self-Reported Life History Traits

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dino Krupić ◽  
Benjamin Banai ◽  
Philip J. Corr
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Life History Theory ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Behavioral Approach ◽  
Life History Strategies ◽  
Behavioral Approach System ◽  
Sensitivity To Reward ◽  
Evolutionary Origins ◽  
Set Correlation

Abstract. The behavioral approach system (BAS) has been shown to be important in everyday life. However, its putative evolutionary origins have not been extensively studied. The purpose of this study was to explore relationships between BAS processes and life history strategies, or lifestyles, within life history theory. The BAS scales were assessed by the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality Questionnaire (RST-PQ) and Sensitivity to Punishment and Sensitivity to Reward Questionnaire (SPSRQ-20), while lifestyles were measured by the Mini-K. Data from 457 participants (173 males) were analyzed by structural equation modelling, followed by set correlation to examine personality and Mini-K relationships. The structural model showed that RST-PQ Reward Interest, Goal-Drive Persistence and Reward Reactivity correlated with a slow lifestyle, while RST-PQ Impulsivity and (SPSRQ) Sensitivity to Reward (SR) did not correlate with the Mini-K. However, set correlation analysis revealed that SR correlated negatively with the Mini-K subscale Experience in romantic relationship and highlighted the importance of Insight, planning, and control in explaining the role of the BAS within slow lifestyle strategy. The findings are discussed in terms of possible evolutionary origins of the BAS.

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