Investigation into the geometry and distribution of oil inclusions in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray microtomography and its implications for remote sensing and mitigation potential

Abstract. Although the presence of a gas phase in sea ice creates the potential for gas exchange with the atmosphere, the distribution of gas bubbles and transport of gases within the sea ice are still poorly understood. Currently no straightforward technique exists to measure the vertical distribution of air volume fraction in sea ice. Here, we present a new fast and non-destructive X-ray computed tomography technique to quantify the air volume fraction and produce separate 3-D images of air-volume inclusions in sea ice. The technique was performed on relatively thin (4–22 cm) sea ice collected from an experimental ice tank. While most of the internal layers showed air-volume fractions < 2 %, the ice–air interface (top 2 cm) systematically showed values up to 5 %. We suggest that the air volume fraction is a function of both the bulk ice gas saturation factor and the size of the brine channel. We differentiate micro bubbles (&emptyset; < 1 mm), large bubbles (1 < &emptyset; < 5 mm) and macro bubbles (&emptyset; > 5 mm). While micro bubbles were the most abundant type of air inclusions, most of the air porosity observed resulted from the presence of large and macro bubbles. The ice microstructure (granular and columnar) as well as the permeability state of ice are important factors controlling the air volume fraction. The technique developed is suited for studies related to gas transport and bubble migration and can help considerably improving parameterization of these processes in sea ice biogeochemical models.

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Investigations of skeletal layer microstructure in the context of remote sensing of oil in sea ice

International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings ◽

10.7901/2169-3358-2017.1.2237 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 (1) ◽

pp. 2237-2255 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zoe R. Courville ◽

Ross Lieb-Lappen ◽

Keran Claffey ◽

Bruce Elder

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Sea Ice ◽

Ice Sheet ◽

Sensor Data ◽

The Arctic ◽

Army Corps ◽

Water Interface ◽

Micro Ct ◽

X Ray ◽

Ice Water

ABSTRACT (2017-159) The Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology – Joint Industry Program (JIP) funded a controlled basin experiment in November 2014 to assess the relative capabilities of a variety of oil in ice remote sensing techniques. An 80-cm sheet of level salt-water ice was grown in the Test Basin facility at the US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire. The basin ice was representative of natural level sea ice grown under quiescent conditions. This created a controlled baseline environment to compare different sensors with a manageable number of variables. The sensor testing spanned a two-month ice growth phase and a one-month decay/melt period. The detailed physical and electrical properties of the lab-grown ice sheet were monitored over the course of the experiment. Analysis of preliminary sensor data revealed that the skeletal layer--the soft, porous band of new ice crystals at the growing ice water interface--plays a significant role in the process of incorporation of oil into the ice sheet, with oil infiltration occurring between the small lamellae structures. In addition, the underwater sensors, particularly acoustic sensors, appeared to be very sensitive to skeletal layer properties, especially the surface roughness of the ice/water interface and the density of the skeletal layer. Preliminary X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) data collected as part of the experiment demonstrated a qualitative scale dependence of sensor response to the skeletal layer microstructure. We used a cold-hardened Bruker SkyScan 1173 micro-CT scanner, housed in a −10 °C cold room, to generate full 3-dimensional x-ray images of the sea ice samples. We have demonstrated that the system is capable of distinguishing areas of void space, brine, ice, and oil at 40 micron resolution. The micro-CT scans were used to characterize the skeletal layer of the ice, including measuring density, thickness, orientation and spacing of the lamellae at 39 – 71 micron voxel resolution. Characterizing the ice structure with high resolution micro-CT imaging may resolve some of the ambiguity in the sensor measurements and lead to improved accuracy of the numerical models that predict sensor performance in different oil and ice scenarios.

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Imaging air volume fraction in sea ice using non-destructive X-ray tomography

The Cryosphere ◽

10.5194/tc-10-1125-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 1125-1145 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Odile Crabeck ◽

Ryan Galley ◽

Bruno Delille ◽

Brent Else ◽

Nicolas-Xavier Geilfus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sea Ice ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Gas Bubbles ◽

Internal Layers ◽

X Ray ◽

Air Volume ◽

Air Interface ◽

Saturation Factor ◽

Brine Volume ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract. Although the presence of a gas phase in sea ice creates the potential for gas exchange with the atmosphere, the distribution of gas bubbles and transport of gases within the sea ice are still poorly understood. Currently no straightforward technique exists to measure the vertical distribution of air volume fraction in sea ice. Here, we present a new fast and non-destructive X-ray computed tomography technique to quantify the air volume fraction and produce separate images of air volume inclusions in sea ice. The technique was performed on relatively thin (4–22 cm) sea ice collected from an experimental ice tank. While most of the internal layers showed air volume fractions  <  2 %, the ice–air interface (top 2 cm) systematically showed values up to 5 %. We suggest that the air volume fraction is a function of both the bulk ice gas saturation factor and the brine volume fraction. We differentiate micro bubbles (Ø  <  1 mm), large bubbles (1 mm  <  Ø  <  5 mm) and macro bubbles (Ø  >  5 mm). While micro bubbles were the most abundant type of gas bubbles, most of the air porosity observed resulted from the presence of large and macro bubbles. The ice texture (granular and columnar) as well as the permeability state of ice are important factors controlling the air volume fraction. The technique developed is suited for studies related to gas transport and bubble migration.

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Highlights in the history of X-ray topography1

Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials ◽

10.1524/zkri.1995.210.6.394 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 210 (6) ◽

Author(s):

A. R. Lang

Keyword(s):

Magnetic Domain ◽

Diffraction Theory ◽

Dislocation Loops ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Domain Structures ◽

Structure Factors ◽

History Of ◽

Dislocation Sources ◽

Non Destructive

AbstractX-ray topography provides a non-destructive method of mapping point-by-point variations in orientation and reflecting power within crystals. The discovery, made by several workers independently, that in nearly perfect crystals it was possible to detect individual dislocations by X-ray diffraction contrast started an epoch of rapid exploitation of X-ray topography as a new, general method for assessing crystal perfection. Another discovery, that of X-ray Pendellösung, led to important theoretical developments in X-ray diffraction theory and to a new and precise method for measuring structure factors on an absolute scale. Other highlights picked out for mention are studies of Frank-Read dislocation sources, the discovery of long dislocation helices and lines of coaxial dislocation loops in aluminium, of internal magnetic domain structures in Fe-3 wt.% Si, and of stacking faults in silicon and natural diamonds.

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Stoichiometric Determination of Graphite Intercalation Compounds Using Rutherford Backscatiering Spectrometry

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/proc-27-481 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

L. Salamanca-Riba ◽

B.S. Elman ◽

M.S. Dresselhaus ◽

T. Venkatesan

Keyword(s):

Experimental Error ◽

Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry ◽

Rutherford Backscattering ◽

Intercalation Compounds ◽

Graphite Intercalation Compounds ◽

X Ray ◽

Donor And Acceptor ◽

Graphite Intercalation ◽

Non Destructive

ABSTRACTRutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) is used to characterize the stoichiometry of graphite intercalation compounds (GIC). Specific application is made to several stages of different donor and acceptor compounds and to commensurate and incommensurate intercalants. A deviation from the theoretical stoichiometry is measured for most of the compounds using this non-destructive method. Within experimental error, the RBS results agree with those obtained from analysis of the (00ℓ) x-ray diffractograms and weight uptake measurements on the same samples.

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X-Ray Tomography for Electronic Packages

ISTFA 2000: Conference Proceedings from the 26th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2000p0049 ◽

2000 ◽

Author(s):

Deepak Goyal

Keyword(s):

3D Imaging ◽

Development Time ◽

Analytical Techniques ◽

Electronic Packages ◽

X Ray ◽

Imaging Capability ◽

Imaging Results ◽

Key Drivers ◽

Analytical Tools ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract Next generation assembly/package development challenges are primarily increased interconnect complexity and density with ever shorter development time. The results of this trend present some distinct challenges for the analytical tools/techniques to support this technical roadmap. The key challenge in the analytical tools/techniques is the development of non-destructive imaging for improved time to information. This paper will present the key drivers for the non-destructive imaging, results of literature search and evaluation of key analytical techniques currently available. Based on these studies requirements of a 3D imaging capability will be discussed. Critical breakthroughs required for development of such a capability are also summarized.

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X-Ray Nanotomography (XRMT) Tool for Non-Destructive High-Resolution Imaging of ICs

ISTFA 2001: Conference Proceedings from the 27th International Symposium for Testing and Failure Analysis ◽

10.31399/asm.cp.istfa2001p0015 ◽

2001 ◽

Author(s):

Wenbing Yun ◽

Steve Wang ◽

David Scott ◽

Kenneth W. Nill ◽

Waleed S. Haddad

Keyword(s):

High Resolution ◽

Process Development ◽

3D Visualization ◽

Tomographic Reconstruction ◽

Reconstruction Algorithms ◽

X Ray ◽

Visualization Software ◽

Volumetric Reconstruction ◽

Resolution Imaging ◽

Non Destructive

Abstract A high-resolution table-sized x-ray nanotomography (XRMT) tool has been constructed that shows the promise of nondestructively imaging the internal structure of a full IC stack with a spatial resolution better than 100 nm. Such a tool can be used to detect, localize, and characterize buried defects in the IC. By collecting a set of X-ray projections through the full IC (which may include tens of micrometers of silicon substrate and several layers of Cu interconnects) and applying tomographic reconstruction algorithms to these projections, a 3D volumetric reconstruction can be obtained, and analyzed for defects using 3D visualization software. XRMT is a powerful technique that will find use in failure analysis and IC process development, and may facilitate or supplant investigations using SEM, TEM, and FIB tools, which generally require destructive sample preparation and a vacuum environment.

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