The formation and function of the sclerosis rim in the femoral head: A biomechanical point of view

The central nervous system (CNS) is an important pharmacological target, but it is very effectively protected by the blood–brain barrier (BBB), thereby impairing the efficacy of many potential active compounds as they are unable to cross this barrier. Among others, membranous efflux transporters like P-Glycoprotein are involved in the integrity of this barrier. In addition to these, however, uptake transporters have also been found to selectively uptake certain compounds into the CNS. These transporters are localized in the BBB as well as in neurons or in the choroid plexus. Among them, from a pharmacological point of view, representatives of the organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are of particular interest, as they mediate the cellular entry of a variety of different pharmaceutical compounds. Thus, OATPs in the BBB potentially offer the possibility of CNS targeting approaches. For these purposes, a profound understanding of the expression and localization of these transporters is crucial. This review therefore summarizes the current state of knowledge of the expression and localization of OATPs in the CNS, gives an overview of their possible physiological role, and outlines their possible pharmacological relevance using selected examples.

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THE CRITICALLY ILL CHILD: SICKLE CELL DISEASE CRISES AND THEIR MANAGEMENT

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.48.4.629 ◽

1971 ◽

Vol 48 (4) ◽

pp. 629-635

Author(s):

Howard A. Pearson ◽

Louis K. Diamond

Keyword(s):

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Mutant Gene ◽

Point Of View ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Cell Disease ◽

Form And Function ◽

Heterozygous Form ◽

The Many ◽

And Function

This brief review, being limited in scope to the recognition and management of the life-threatening and painful crises in infants and children with sickle-cell disease, has not even touched on the intriguing mystery of the molecular basis for the sickling phenomenon–how one amino-acid substitution (gene controlled) in the beta chain sequence of 146 amino acids can cause such serious disruption in form and function; or how this mutation occurred in the first place and why it has persisted in contrast to the rapid disappearance of many other deleterious mutants. Nor has there been even mention of the many milder symptoms, signs, and complications due to the presence of Hb. S., either in the homozygous (disease-producing) state or heterozygous form when found in combination with other hereditary hemoglobin defects. The accumulated knowledge about this mutant gene, its biochemical effects, and geographic distribution is enormous. From a fundamental scientific standpoint, sickle cell disease is one of the best understood of human afflictions. However, from a practical point of view treatment of the patient himself is often only symptomatic and palliative. Nevertheless, prompt and effective therapy of the myriad manifestations of sickle cell disease can effectively reduce morbidity and mortality. The pediatrician who cares for black children in his practice should be familiar with the cardinal diagnostic and clinical aspects of sickle cell disease and its crises.

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Precise single column resection and reconstruction with femoral head plus THR for malignant pelvic tumors

10.29007/nvsk ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Xiaohui Niu ◽

Yongkun Yang ◽

Qing Zhang ◽

Yuan Li ◽

Hairong Xu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Femoral Head ◽

Ewing’S Sarcoma ◽

Ewing's Sarcoma ◽

Posterior Column ◽

Surgical Margins ◽

Wide Resection ◽

Navigation Group ◽

Single Column ◽

And Function

Background Some malignant pelvic tumor may affect the anterior or posterior column at the acetabula area. The postoperative recurrenceand complication rate are high. Precise resection with safe surgical margin could cure the patients while saving healthier host bone for relative simple reconstruction.Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of precise single column resection and reconstruction with femoral head plus THR for malignant pelvic tumorswith respect to the (1) surgical safety, (2) oncological outcome and (3) prosthesis survivorship and function.Methods This is a clinical cases study. From 2007 to 2015, 19 patients with primary malignant tumors of the pelvis were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis included 16 cases of chondrosarcoma, 1 case of undifferentiated polymorphic sarcoma, 1 case of Ewing's sarcoma and 1 case of solitary plasmacytoma. All tumors were resected with safe surgical margins, which were proved by the postoperative specimen evaluation. Anterior column was involved in 17 cases and posterior column in 2 cases. Ten of 19 tumors were resected assisted by computer navigation. Femoral heads were used to reconstruct anterior or posterior column defects and fixed by screws; THR was used for the joint reconstruction. Oncologic outcome and function were evaluated by regular follow-up.Results The follow up time was more than 12 months in 14 cases with the average of 58.4 months (median 61, range 13-118) months. Surgical margins contained wide resection in 12 cases and marginal resection in 7 cases. The bony wide resection rate was 90% (9/10) in the navigation group and 77.8% (7/9) in free hand group respectively. One patient with Ewing's sarcoma died 14 months postoperative due to lung metastasis. There was only one case with chondrosarcoma was found recurrence in 61 months postoperatively, who was in the navigation group and having marginal margin resection. There was one prosthesis removed due to prosthesis infection (14 months postoperatively). There were another two patients with minor wound infection. The average MSTS function score was 24.8 (17-29).Conclusions The current treatment method is oncological safe and functional with less complications. The hardware is relatively cost effective and right on the shelf. However, this procedure is highly skill needed.

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German Incunabula Herbals from the Russian State Library: Towards Popular Literature

Tekst Kniga Knigoizdanie ◽

10.17223/23062061/26/4 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 60-87

Author(s):

Catherine R. Squires ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Popular Literature ◽

Point Of View ◽

Literary Texts ◽

Book Production ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

Language History ◽

15Th Century ◽

Russian State ◽

State Library ◽

And Function

Early printed herbals have a special place in the 15th-century book production as they were popular both with academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, and with the common reader. The popular response to the mass production of herbal books made possible by the invention of printing left textual and linguistic evidence in the form of handwritten marginal notes. In the present study, six copies of illustrated herbals printed in Mainz by Peter Schoeffer in 1484 and 1485 are compared as to the subject, language and function of the marginal notes found in them. Five of these books are from the Rare Books Department of the Russian State (former Lenin) Library, the sixth copy from the Moscow University Library is used to enable better comparison. The analysis has shown that the types of marginal notes vary significantly depending on the owners’ social status, interest, background, and on the time and region. Marginal notes in Latin or Greek are considered from the point of view of their thematic (content) and chronological (dating) characteristics. As the result of many centuries of natural science, herbals were an important source of professional knowledge for academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, of the time. Thematically, linguistically and paleographically, marginal notes of this type can be ascribed to professionals or students of natural sciences. Notes made considerably later than the incunabula era can in fact only be explained by an academic interest on the part of the reader (some notes date after 1700). Marginal notes made in German and, judging by the handwriting, dating closer to 1500 reflect work of common medical practitioners or even of lay readers, who used their herbals to cope with practical problems of their everyday life. These German marginal notes are of high interest as a source for German language history, as they contain synonymous names of plants, additional to those used in the printed text. The analysis of their form, dialect, and distribution proves that they offer valuable lexical material (regional names) in the semantic field usually scarcely documented in medieval literary texts. Those descriptions, which are indicative of region or dialect, show a distinct Southern German origin of their authors.

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ROLE OF DASHMOOLADI MAJJA SNEHA (THERAPEUTIC ENEMA) IN AVASCULAR NECROSIS: A CASE STUDY

10.36106/ijsr/9301946 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 56-57

Author(s):

Jakra Priyanka ◽

Mishra Meenu ◽

Soni Kamini

Keyword(s):

Femoral Head ◽

Avascular Necrosis ◽

Classical Method ◽

Symptomatic Relief ◽

Modern Medicine ◽

Neck Of Femur ◽

Glucocorticoid Treatment ◽

And Function ◽

Necrosis Of Femoral Head

Introduction:Avascular necrosis is also known as aseptic, osteonecrosis and ischaemic necrosis of bone. There are a multitude of risk factors but over 80% of cases are attributed to glucocorticoid treatment or alcohol excess. Avascular Necrosis of femoral head is the most common type of necrosis, because the artery supplying to neck of femur is very narrow which easily gets injured. In modern medicine there is no specic treatment rather than surgery. In Ayurveda avascular necrosis can be correlated with Asthimajjagatvata. Aim: To assess the efcacy of Dashmooladi Majja Sneha in the management of avascular necrosis. The objective of the treatment includes the preservation of structure and function of hip joint with symptomatic relief. Materials & Methods:The present case study is upon a 32 year old, diagnosed case of avascular necrosis of femoral head with complaints of pain in bilateral sacroiliac joint since one and half years which was associated with difculty in doing normal daily activities such as walking, sitting, squatting along with change in the gait, at the Panchakarma OPD of Govt. Ayurvedic hospital Bhopal. The patient of idiopathic AVN of femoral head was treated with Dashmooladi Majja Sneha, Brihatvata Chintamani Rasa, Amritaristha, Panchtikta Ghrita Guggulu and Shastik Shali Pind Swedan have done as per the classical method for 30 days. Assessment was done after treatment and follow up after 15 days for 2months. Observations: The Ayurvedic therapies and oral medicines yielded complete symptomatic relief from pain, general debility and improvement in the gait. Conclusion: On the basis of the results obtained it can be concluded that Dashmooladi Majja Sneha, Shastik Shali Pind Swedan and some oral medicines can be used as an effective treatment in the management of Avascular Necrosis.

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Determiners

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics ◽

10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.338 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Phoevos Panagiotidis

Keyword(s):

Research Work ◽

Point Of View ◽

Generalized Quantifier ◽

Word Classes ◽

Generalized Quantifier Theory ◽

Nominal Agreement ◽

Categorial Status ◽

Semantic Point ◽

And Function ◽

Quantifier Theory

Determiners are a nominal syntactic category distinct from both adjectives and nouns; they constitute a functional (aka closed or ‘minor’) category and they are typically located high inside the nominal phrasal structure. From a syntactic point of view, the category of determiners is commonly understood to comprise the word classes of article, demonstrative, and quantifier, as well as non-adjectival possessives and some nominal agreement markers. From a semantic point of view, determiners are assumed to function as quantifiers, especially within research informed by Generalized Quantifier Theory. However, this is a one-way entailment: although determiners in natural language are quantificational, their class contains only a subset of the logically possible quantifiers; this class is restricted by conservativity and other factors. The tension between the ‘syntactic’ and the ‘semantic’ perspective on determiners results to a degree of terminological confusion: it is not always clear which lexical items the Determiner category includes or what the function of determiners is; moreover, there exists a tendency among syntacticians to view ‘Determiner’ as naming not a class, but a fixed position within a nominal phrasal template. The study of determiners rose to prominence within grammatical theory during the ’80s both due to advances in semantic theorizing, primarily Generalized Quantifier Theory, and due to the generalization of the X' phrasal schema to functional (minor) categories. Some issues in the nature and function of determiners that have been addressed in theoretical and typological work with considerable success include the categorial status of determiners, their (non-)universality, their structural position and feature makeup, their role in argumenthood and their interaction with nominal predicates, and their relation to pronouns. Expectedly, issues in (in)definiteness, quantification, and specificity also figure prominently in research work on determiners.

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Maintaining and Improving the Environmental Cleanliness in Semarang Municipality in the Era of Industrial Revolution 4.0

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201912504003 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 125 ◽

pp. 04003

Author(s):

Oktiva Herry Chandra

Keyword(s):

Public Space ◽

Industrial Revolution ◽

Point Of View ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Form And Function ◽

Similar Point ◽

The Face ◽

Observation Method ◽

And Function ◽

Participatory Observation

Language produced in a specific event of communication will have its form and function. Some messages are delivered in direct ways meaning the form and the functions are symmetric; some others are delivered in indirect ways, asymmetric. Direct or indirect ways will give different perceptions to those who receive the content of the message. Considering the face of receivers is one of the principles that should be made by policy makers as they communicate with people in public space. This article aims to explain the forms of language used to prohibit littering and the way the maker of prohibition thinks about the writing of littering. The research is conducted by using non-participatory observation method. This, then, is followed by applying note taking technique and recording. The result shows mostly the writings of littering prohibition are made an indirect way and less number in indirect way. Having a direct way means society is placed as subordinate in relation to the authorities. Even though less in number, indirect littering prohibition shows some writings see an equal position between the writer and reader. Both take a similar point of view on littering.

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Replantation of Fingertips

Journal of Hand Surgery (European Volume) ◽

10.1016/0266-7681(93)90095-w ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Y. YAMANO

Keyword(s):

Survival Rate ◽

Point Of View ◽

Female Patients ◽

And Function ◽

Type Of Injury

During the period between 1976 and 1990, 207 fingertips have been replanted in 133 male and 55 female patients whose ages ranged from 14 months to 80 years, with an average of 32.7 years. Of the 207 fingers with complete amputation, 131 were injured in zone 1 and 76 in zone 2. The minimum follow-up period was 6 months. The results of zone 1 amputation have been analyzed according to the type of injury. The survival rate was 100% in clean-cut amputation, 95% in blunt-cut, 64.3% in crush and 65.5% in avulsion. From the point of view of survival and function, satisfactory results were obtained in amputations in zone 2, and in all cases in zone 1 that were clean-cut or blunt-cut.

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NEUROREFLEX MECHANISMS OF ACTION AS PART OF PHYSIOTHERAPY IN DISTAL HUMERUS FRACTURES IN THE EARLY POSTOPERATIVE PERIOD

Journal of IMAB - Annual Proceeding (Scientific Papers) ◽

10.5272/jimab.2020264.3452 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (4) ◽

pp. 3452-3457

Author(s):

Stefka Mindova ◽

◽

Nikolai Koev ◽

Keyword(s):

Upper Limb ◽

Elbow Joint ◽

Distal Humerus ◽

Accurate Method ◽

Early Postoperative Period ◽

Point Of View ◽

Elbow Fractures ◽

Self Service ◽

Prolonged Immobilization ◽

And Function

Of the large joints in the human body, the elbow joint is the most complicated from an anatomical and functional point of view. Its structure and function are such that they make it particularly sensitive to injuries, after which in many cases there is a permanent loss of movement. Elbow fractures rate is about 5.5% of all musculoskeletal system fractures. The most common are fractures of the radial head (2.8%), followed by those of olecranon (1%) and the distal part of the humerus (0.5%). Elbow fractures are one of the most difficult injuries to the upper limb to treat and physiotherapy. There are a number of contradictions regarding the most accurate method of treatment and model of recovery, because unlike the shoulder, in the elbow joint even the smallest incongruity in the joint surfaces lead to loss of movement, and prolonged immobilization - to joint contractures. The functional insufficiency of the elbow complex leads to the impossibility of self-service and work. One-third of the fractures of the elbow joint affect the distal humerus. The mechanism of injury is a fall on a stretched upper limb or a direct blow to the elbow.

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