Temporal-spacial relationships between facial stimulation-evoked filed potential responses in mouse cerebellar granular layer and molecular layer

2019 ◽  
Vol 705 ◽  
pp. 106-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Ma ◽  
Di Lu ◽  
Li-Xin Cao ◽  
Yan-Hua Bing ◽  
Chun-Ping Chu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer

scholarly journals Kola nut from Cola nitida vent. Schott administered to pregnant rats induces histological alterations in pups’ cerebellum

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. e0247573
Author(s):  
Foluso A. Atiba ◽  
Amos A. Fatokun ◽  
Innocent O. Imosemi ◽  
Adefolarin O. Malomo
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
B Cell Lymphoma ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Cresyl Violet ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Over Expression ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Cola Nitida

Kola nut (from Cola nitida) is popular in Nigeria and West Africa and is commonly consumed by pregnant women during the first trimester to alleviate morning sickness and dizziness. There is, however, a dearth of information on its effects on the developing brain. This study, therefore, investigated the potential effects of kola nut on the structure of the developing neonatal and juvenile cerebellum in the rat. Pregnant Wistar rats were administered water (as control) or crude (aqueous) kola nut extract at 400, 600, and 800 mg/kg body weight orally, from pregnancy to day 21 after birth. On postnatal days 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28, the pups were weighed, anaesthetised, sacrificed and perfused with neutral buffered formalin. Their brains were dissected out, weighed and the cerebellum preserved in 10% buffered formalin. Paraffin sections of the cerebellum were stained with haematoxylin and eosin for cerebellar cytoarchitecture, cresyl violet stain for Purkinje cell count, Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry (IHC) for estimation of gliosis, and B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) IHC for apoptosis induction. The kola nut-treated rats exhibited initial reduction in body and brain weights, persistent external granular layer, increased molecular layer thickness, and loss of Bergmann glia. Their Purkinje cells showed reduction in density, loss of dendrites and multiple layering, and their white matter showed neurodegeneration (spongiosis) and GFAP and Bcl-2 over-expression, with evidence of reactive astrogliosis. This study, therefore, demonstrates that kola nut, administered repeatedly at certain doses to pregnant dams, could disrupt normal postnatal cerebellar development in their pups. The findings suggest potential deleterious effects of excessive kola nut consumption on human brain and thus warrant further studies to understand the wider implications for human brain development.

scholarly journals Prenatal treatment with metronidazole induces cerebellar folia alteration in guinea pig fetuses

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 473-482
Author(s):  
Ivan Capo ◽  
Ivan Milenkovic ◽  
Natasa Capo ◽  
Nebojsa Stilinovic ◽  
Sasa Vukmirovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Studies ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Sensitive Period ◽  
Insufficient Data ◽  
Prenatal Treatment ◽  
External Granular Layer ◽  
Areal Fraction ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Partial Atrophy

The most sensitive period in brain development is during prenatal life. The use of antibiotics in pregnancy is still controversial. Recent studies revealed the high neurotoxic potential of the antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication, metronidazole. However, there are insufficient data from animal studies about prenatal treatment effects. We investigated the effect of prenatal treatment with metronidazole on cerebellar development in guinea pigs. Treatment with metronidazole was performed from the 42nd to the 49th day of gestation. On the 50th day of pregnancy, all dams were killed, and the cerebella of the fetuses were analyzed. Gross cerebellar changes characterized by malposition of the folia with partial atrophy were found in 12 of 19 fetuses in the experimental group, but in none of 20 control fetuses that received saline. The most affected were folia VII with depletion of the areal fraction of the external granular layer, molecular layer and the internal granular layer. Purkinje cells displayed cell distortion with loss of normal dendritic polarity. The investigation revealed cell depletion, with a disturbance of the cytoarchitectonic of the cerebellar cortex and folia alteration.

Anisotropic and heterogeneous diffusion in the turtle cerebellum: implications for volume transmission

1993 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 2035-2044 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Rice ◽  
Y. C. Okada ◽  
C. Nicholson
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Extracellular Volume ◽  
Striking Difference ◽  
Volume Transmission ◽  
Anisotropic Porous Media ◽  
Parallel Fibers ◽  
Ion Shifts

1. Measurements of extracellular diffusion properties were made in three orthogonal axes of the molecular and granular layers of the isolated turtle cerebellum with the use of iontophoresis of tetramethylammonium (TMA+) combined with ion-selective microelectrodes. 2. Diffusion in the extracellular space of the molecular layer was anisotropic, that is, there was a different value for the tortuosity factor, lambda i, associated with each axis of that layer. The x- and y-axes lay in the plane parallel to the pial surface of this lissencephalic cerebellum with the x-axis in the direction of the parallel fibers. The z-axis was perpendicular this plane. The tortuosity values were lambda x = 1.44 +/- 0.01, lambda y = 1.95 +/- 0.02, and lambda z = 1.58 +/- 0.01 (mean +/- SE). By contrast, the granular layer was isotropic with a single tortuosity value, lambda Gr = 1.77 +/- 0.01. 3. These data confirm the applicability of appropriately extended Fickian equations to describe diffusion in anisotropic porous media, including brain tissue. 4. Heterogeneity between the molecular and granular layer was revealed by a striking difference in extracellular volume fraction, alpha, for each layer. In the molecular layer alpha = 0.31 +/- 0.01, whereas in the granular layer alpha = 0.22 +/- 0.01. 5. Volume fraction and tortuosity affected the time course and amplitude of extracellular TMA+ concentration after iontophoresis. This was modeled by the use of the average parameters determined experimentally, and the nonspherical pattern of diffusion in the molecular layer was compared with the spherical distribution in the granular layer and agarose gel by computing isoconcentration ellipsoids. 6. One functional consequence of these results was demonstrated by measuring local changes in [K+]o and [Ca2+]o after microiontophoresis of a cerebellar transmitter, glutamate. The ratios of ion shifts in the x- and y-axes in the granular layer were close to unity, with a ratio of 1.04 +/- 0.08 for the rise in [K+]o and 1.03 +/- 0.17 for the decrease in [Ca2+]o. In contrast, ion shifts in the molecular layer had an x:y ratio of 1.44 +/- 0.14 for the rise in [K+]o and 2.10 +/- 0.42 for the decrease in [Ca2+]o. 7. These data demonstrate that the structure of cellular aggregates can channel the migration of substances in the extracellular microenvironment, and this could be a mechanism for volume transmission of chemical signals. For example, the preferred diffusion direction of glutamate along the parallel fibers would help constrain an incoming excitatory stimulus to stay "on-beam."

Changes in the Cerebellar Neuroglia in Progressive Paralysis [Die Gliaveränderungen im Kleinhirn bei den progressiven Paralyse]. (Arch. f. Psychiat. u. Nervenkr., B. xxxiv, H. 2, p. 523.) Raecke, Dr

1902 ◽  
Vol 48 (202) ◽  
pp. 582-583
Author(s):  
W. R. Dawson
Keyword(s):  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Outer Margin ◽  
Clinical Value ◽  
Slight Degree ◽  
Irregular Distribution ◽  
Nerve Bundles ◽  
Large Spider ◽  
Morbid Process

Fifteen cases in which the changes in the cerebellar neuroglia were specially studied are given in some detail. The results correspond generally to those of Weigert. In the molecular layer, Bergman's fibres are increased in numbers, but unevenly. Most of the new fibres run vertically, but some obliquely or transversely, the last often forming bands at two levels, viz. along the outer margin of the cortex and at the boundary of the granular layer. In the latter position they form basketworks enclosing Purkinje's cells. The transverse fibres are mostly delicate, but a number of large spider-cells at the border of the granule layer give off coarse fibres, running to the surface. The largest collection of glia-nuclei is in the same situation. In the granule layer also the changes are of unequal degree. They consist in loss of granules, the place of which is taken by hypertrophied neuroglia fibre and nuclei. In the medulla the hypertrophy is rarely of great extent, and appears to prefer the immediate neighbourhood of the vessels, where large, coarse-fibred spider-cells are also found. Fibres and nests of glia-nuclei occur, however, between the nerve-bundles. Jn general, the rule is that in progressive paralysis the molecular layer is most involved, then the granule layer, more in spots, and last and least the medulla. Hence it is the dendrites of Purkinje's cells which appear to be chiefly affected in this disease, and their bodies also vanish in advanced cases. The morbid process thus seems to advance from without inwards. Little clinical value is claimed for these results, owing to the irregular distribution and frequently slight degree of the foci of disease; but it may be supposed that the changes contribute to the ataxy and incoordination. The paralytic seizures are more likely, from these cases, to be connected with diseased foci in the thalamus. No relation could be detected between the cerebellar changes and absence or increase of the reflexes.

Response of cerebellum to stimulation of telencephalon in the catfish (Ictalurus nebulosus)

1984 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 1394-1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. T. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Granular Layer ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Field Potentials ◽  
Negative Wave ◽  
Ictalurus Nebulosus ◽  
Evoked Field Potentials ◽  
Electric Shocks ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Stimulation Of

In the siluroid teleost Ictalurus nebulosus, averaged evoked potentials and unit responses were recorded from various parts of the cerebellum following electrical stimulation applied to the telencephalon. Responses are most readily evoked in the cerebellum when area dorsalis pars centralis (Dc), a group of scattered large cells in the middle of the telencephalon, is stimulated. The configuration of the evoked field potentials differs according to the rate of stimulation. At a relatively low repetition rate, 0.5/s or lower, the response takes the shape of a positive wave, Pmol2, peaking at about 58 ms in the molecular layer. In the granular layer, the response is primarily a negative wave, Ngr1, followed by a slow positive deflection, Pgr3, with peak latencies of 52 and 130 ms, respectively. Ngr1 appears to be the result of summed mossy fiber-granule cell synaptic activations, with Pmol2 its concomitant passive source. No neuronal basis can be proposed for Pgr3. At higher rates of stimulation (greater than 2/S), the response to each shock is of longer latency and more complex. The stabilized waveform (i.e., after 5-9 cycles) is dominated by a surface-negative wave, Nmol, peaking at about 80 ms. The negative wave disappears at about 300 micron below the surface (slightly above the level where Purkinje cells are located) where it is replaced by a positive and negative sequence, P-Npur, peaking at about 80 and 160 ms, respectively. Both responses are bilaterally distributed but the ipsilateral responses are usually larger in amplitude and shorter in latency. Rostrocaudally, a latency gradient with longer rostral latencies is also found in both responses. To facilitate further comparative studies, the changes of peak latency and amplitude with stimulus strength of these two patterns of response were examined. Other dynamic characteristics of these two patterns of response were also examined and compared by stimulating with pairs and short trains of electric shocks. In discussing the functional implications of these findings, this telencephalocerebellar pathway appears to be a striocerebellar pathway.

Cerebellar Granule Cells and Their Response to Radiation

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 212-213
Author(s):  
Rosita F. de Estable-Puig ◽  
Juan F. Estable-Puig
Keyword(s):  
Cerebellar Cortex ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Cerebellar Granule Cells ◽  
Mossy Fiber ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Cerebellar Granule ◽  
Peripheral Axon ◽  
Cerebellar Glomerulus

The granular layer of the cerebellar cortex situated between the molecular and medullary layers is built up mainly of the perikarya of small interneurons, the granule cells intermingled with part of their own processes, mossy fiber terminals, fibers of passage and other less numerous intrinsic cells. Ultrastructurally they are characterized by a nucleus which occupies most of the cell body and a rim of cytoplasm. The nucleus exhibits some aggregates of chromatin and in some cells a nucleolus. In the cytoplasm very scarce organelles are observed (Fig.l). Their main synaptic connections are found, first, at the cerebellar glomerulus where granule dendrites are seen in postsynaptic position towards mossy fiber rosettes. Desmosomic attachments are observed between granule dendrites. Second, at the level of the molecular layer where parallel fiber terminals (ramifications of the peripheral axon ) are seen apposing Purkinje dendrite spines.

scholarly journals An updated investigation on the dromedary camel cerebellum (Camelus dromedarius) with special insight into the distribution of calcium-binding proteins

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdelraheim H. Attaai ◽  
Ahmed E. Noreldin ◽  
Fatma M. Abdel-maksoud ◽  
Manal T. Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Binding Proteins ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Calcium Binding Proteins ◽  
Dromedary Camel ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Calbindin D

AbstractStudying the cerebella of different animals is important to expand the knowledge about the cerebellum. Studying the camel cerebellum was neglected even though the recent research in the middle east and Asia. Therefore, the present study was designed to achieve a detailed description of the morphology and the cellular organization of the camel cerebellum. Because of the high importance of the calcium ions as a necessary moderator the current work also aimed to investigate the distribution of calcium binding proteins (CaBP) such as calbindin D-28K (CB), parvalbumin (PV) and calretinin (CR) in different cerebellar cells including the non-traditional neurons. The architecture of camel cerebellum, as different mammals, consists of the medulla and three layered-cortex. According to our observation the cells in the granular layer were not crowded and many spaces were observed. CB expression was the highest by Purkinje cells including their dendritic arborization. In addition to its expression by the inhibitory interneurons (basket, stellate and Golgi neurons), it is also expressed by the excitatory granule cells. PV was expressed by Purkinje cells, including their primary arborization, and by the molecular layer cells. CR immunoreactivity (-ir) was obvious in almost all cell layers with varying degrees, however a weak or any expression by the Purkinje cells. The molecular layer cells and the Golgi and the non traditional large neurons of the granular layer showed the strongest CR-ir. Granule neurons showed moderate immunoreactivity for CB and CR. In conclusion, the results of the current study achieved a complete map for the neurochemical organization of CaBP expression and distribution by different cells in the camel cerebellum.

scholarly journals Cluster Analysis of Human Cerebellum Fractal Dimension

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 66-72
Author(s):  
N. I. Maryenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fractal Dimension ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Fractal Analysis ◽  
Granular Layer ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Cerebellar Tissue ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Brain

The cerebellum is a multifractal that includes several fractal clusters that correspond to different components of the cerebellar tissue: white matter and layers of the cortex. A fractal analysis (pixel dilation method in one of the author's modifications) was used to determine the complexity of spatial organization and the degree of filling of space with different components of cerebellar tissue. The purpose of the study was to determine clusters of fractal dimension of various components of human cerebellar tissue according to magnetic resonance imaging. Material and methods. The study was performed on digital T2 weighted images of magnetic resonance images of 30 patients (15 men and 15 women) who did not have pathological changes of the brain. Fractal analysis was performed using the pixel dilation method. The fractal dimension of cerebellar tissue for its components in the range of brightness values from 0 to 255 was determined. The difference in fractal dimension increase at different parts of the brightness range was calculated. Results and discussion. The study showed that the increase in fractal dimension is not gradual and has four zones of the most pronounced increase in values: 70-80, 85-90, 95-105 and 110-120. These areas can be separated into distinct clusters that correspond to the main components of the cerebellar tissue. The first cluster with the most intense increase of fractal dimension corresponds to the white matter of the cerebellum, which has the biggest density and the lowest values of brightness, the second – the granular layer of the cortex, the third – the molecular layer of the cortex. The fourth, least pronounced cluster corresponds to the pixels of the image with the highest brightness level, which correspond to the meninges. Conclusion. Three clusters of fractal dimension values corresponding to the main components of cerebellar tissue and average brightness values corresponding to them were determined: cerebellar white matter (70.684±0.473), granular layer of cortex (84.263±0.475), and molecular layer of cortex (96.263±0.449). The absence of certain clusters present in intact tissue and the presence of additional, pathological clusters may be criteria for diagnosing of the cerebellum using fractal analysis of magnetic resonance imaging of the brain

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