Human skin is constantly exposed to UV light, the most ubiquitous environmental stressor. Here, we investigated the expression and regulation of Nrf1-3, transcription factors crucially involved in protection against oxidative stress in human skin cells in vitro, ex vivo, and in situ. In particular, we examined whether α-MSH, a UV-induced peptide, is capable of modulating Nrf2 and Nrf-dependent gene expression. Nrf1, -2, and -3 were found to be expressed in various cutaneous cell types in vitro. Surprisingly, UVB irradiation at physiological doses (10 mJ/cm2) reduced Nrf2 and Nrf-dependent gene expression in normal keratinocytes and melanocytes in vitro as well as ex vivo in skin organ cultures. α-MSH alone significantly increased Nrf2 as well as Nrf-dependent heme oxygenase-1, γ-glutamylcysteine-synthetase, and glutathione-S-transferase Pi gene expression in both keratinocytes and melanocytes. This effect of α-MSH occurred at physiological doses and was due to transcriptional induction, mimicked by the artificial cAMP inducer forskolin, and blocked by protein kinase A pathway inhibition. In silico promoter analysis of Nrf2 further identified several putative binding sites for activator protein 1 and cAMP response element-binding protein, transcription factors typically activated by α-MSH. Importantly, α-MSH prevented or even overcompensated the UVB-induced suppression of Nrf2 and Nrf-dependent genes not only in normal keratinocytes and melanocytes in vitro but also in skin organ cultures. These findings, for the first time, show regulation of Nrf2 and Nrf-dependent genes by α-MSH. Our data also highlight a novel facet in the cytoprotective and antioxidative effector mechanisms of α-MSH and perhaps of related melanocortin peptides.
Delivering nitric oxide into human skin from encapsulated S-nitrosoglutathione under UV light: An in vitro and ex vivo study
