Violations of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (WHO Code) in two cities of Ecuador

Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 111206
Author(s):  
Rocio Caicedo ◽  
Adrián Díaz ◽  
Jennifer Bertha ◽  
Mercedes K. Silva ◽  
Gabriela Rivas
2018 ◽  
Vol 112 ◽  
pp. 79-101
Author(s):  
Anna Koronkiewicz-Wiórek

THE REGULATORY DEFICIENCIES OF POLISH REGULATION CONCERNING ADVERTISEMENT AND OTHER MARKETING TECHNIQUES RELATING TO PRODUCTS RELEVANT TO PROTECTION OF BREASTFEEDING, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE INFANT FORMULAE. AN OUTLINE OF THE ISSUESThe aim of this article is to draw attention to the regulatory deficiencies of Polish regulation concerning advertisement and other marketing techniques related to products relevant to protection of breastfeeding, with special regard to infant formulas, and the evaluation of its effectiveness for breastfeeding protection. This regulation is non-transparent, heterogeneous and to a great extent unclear. It is also ineffective and insufficient for the protection of breastfeeding. It is much less rigorous than the standard established by the International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes i.e. WHO Code. The main conclusion is that irrespective of the need for improvement of the promotion of breastfeeding, including lactation education of medical staff and parents, legislative changes are necessary in the field of the marketing of food intended for infants and young children, feeding bottles and teats. The best solution would be the full implementation of the WHO Code including subsequent WHA resolutions.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-431
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness

Many have questioned the decision of the American Academy of Pediatrics not to support all of the provisions of the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes of the World Health Organization. Some have attributed the AAP stance to allegiances other than to children, but the AAP has long been known for its support of breast-feeding. The AAP has already expressed its concern for the adequacy of the WHO code in a press release and elsewhere. Some of the deliberations of the AAP Committee on Nutrition (CON), while I was its chairman, may be of interest. The AAP Committee on Nutrition has unofficially considered the various drafts of the Code during the past three years and has voiced its suggestions for further revisions, without notable effect.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 707-707
Author(s):  

The Nestle Group has prepared written instructions (dated February, 1982) for its employees on the implementation of the W.H.O. International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes. . . . The instructions appear in parallel with the relevant sections of the code, and the comparisons thus offered raise some doubts about the purity of Nestle's intentions. Article 2 of the international code, for instance, states that it covers all breast-milk substitutes, including complementary foods. Nestle has limited its applicability to infant formula alone, exempting its weaning cereals and canned milks, which are often marketed as early supplements to breast milk. Concerning the circulation of informational and educational material to pregnant women and mothers of young children, Nestle says: "Information intended for mothers. . . may bear corporate and product brand (packshot permitted)." Is this really within the terms of the code? Another requirement of the code disregarded by Nestle, is the inclusion in any such material of a warning of the health hazards of the improper use of infant formula. Article 5 of the W.H.O. code states that "There should be no advertising or other forms of promotion to the general public of products within the scope of this Code." Nestle has written: "Information relating to specific brands of infant formula must not be communicated directly to mothers or to the general public." Conceivably, such a statement could permit generic infant formula advertising in the mass media. Analysis of Nestle's guidelines discloses ways in which they might be used to circumvent various parts of the international code, such as the code's stipulations on free samples to health workers and free supplies to institutions.


1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald Rosenbaum ◽  
James L. Grisell ◽  
Thomas Koschtial ◽  
Richard Knox ◽  
Keith J. Leenhouts

Author(s):  
R. R. Palmer

In April 1792, France had declared war on the “King of Hungary and Bohemia,” that is the House of Austria or Hapsburg, which, since it possessed most of Belgium, was the most important of the powers that adjoined the French frontiers. By the following summer the French were also at war with the kingdoms of Prussia and Sardinia, and by 1793 with Great Britain, the Dutch Republic, and the Bourbon Monarchy of Spain. Despite occasional appearances, or stated war aims, the war that began in April 1792 became an ideological conflict between new and old—between “democratic” and “aristocratic” forms of society in the sense explained in the preceding volume. This chapter focuses on this complex story and nations involved. It begins with a tale of two cities, involving ceremonial events in Frankfurt and Paris on July 14, 1792. It was, of course, Bastille Day, but it was also the date of the imperial coronation of Francis II, a young man of twenty-four who proved to be the last Holy Roman Emperor.


Author(s):  
Leen Adeeb Fakhoury ◽  
Naif Adel Haddad

This paper attempts to present and discuss the outcome of the results of the key different studies and projects carried out at Salt and at Irbid historic cores.  It focuses on the executed urban heritage projects undertaken mainly by the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) of Jordan in the last two decades. It discusses their different aspects through initial assessment of the loss and degradation of the cultural heritage assets of the two cities; the fragmentation and lack of connectivity between the modern and historic cores; issues of sustainability of architectural and urban heritage projects i.e. tourism planning and conservation; and reuse projects at the historic cores in relation to cultural, physical factors and development needs. It also addresses the behaviour and characteristics of the urban regeneration process in those two historic cities, starting from their documentation to examination of the different aspects of the currently adopted urban practices and policies, and their impact on the existing urban heritage, depending on the specific identity of the respective historic cores. Finally, it aims to define the main constraints and challenges for the reuse of the existing heritage fabric including the local community quality of life, while building on sustainable heritage activities accommodating tourism opportunities. This will give, at least, some indications from which we can identify a use or combination of uses, and practical steps needed for successful heritage conservation actions in Jordan, in order to retain the cultural significance of the place.


Author(s):  
Anat Helman ◽  
Haim Watzman
Keyword(s):  
Tel Aviv ◽  

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