World per capita gross domestic product measured nominally and across countries with purchasing power parity: Stretched exponential or Boltzmann–Gibbs distribution?

2020 ◽  
pp. 125690
Author(s):  
E. Hernández-Ramírez ◽  
M. del Castillo-Mussot ◽  
J. Hernández-Casildo
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Gibbs Distribution ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Stretched Exponential ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Zhezhelenko
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The main directions of increase of efficiency of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy have been formulated. The relation between the values of electricity losses during transmission via power grids of different countries and the level of the economies of these countries characterized by the value of gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita has been established. In the countries with a gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita less than 20 thousand US dollars electricity losses during its transmission via power grids are 1.5–2.5 times more than the ones transmitted via power grids of the industrialized countries where the specified purchasing power parity is in the range of 30.4–54.5 thousand US dollars. In the countries with more developed economies the technical culture of production, transmission and distribution of electricity is higher; the modern control systems of operation modes of electrical networks are used as well as of monitoring and accounting of electricity; also there are solvent and disciplined consumers in such countries as well as clear regulatory framework and tariff regulation system. However, the process of transmission and distribution of electricity is effective if not only low relative losses take place, but the normal (contractual) requirements for carrying capacity, quality and reliability of electricity supply are provided. The possibility of analytical determination of the optimum value of reserve capacity of power plants providing the required level of reliability of the power system has been considered.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
K. L. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

India, after seven decades of independence, found itself in the position of the fifth-largest economy in the world, with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 2.94 trillion in 2019. It is also the fastest-growing trillion-dollar economy in the world. India’s rank would have been third if GDP across the countries was compared in terms of purchasing power parity. But, in per capita terms, India falls way behind most of the member countries of the World Bank. However, this should not negate the expansion of the Indian economy that has taken place since Independence....

scholarly journals ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Çiğdem Köne ◽  
Tayfun Büke
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Process Methodology ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The environmental efficiencies of 31 member countries of the European Environment Agency between 1990 and 2011 were evaluated using the gross domestic product using purchasing power parity. Categories of imparting pressure on the environment, including global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone formation and particle formation potentials were considered for each country. These environmental pressure categories were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process methodology. Calculations of the results indicated the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Ireland ranked 10th, 15th, 17th, 21st and 22nd respectively in 1990, and their ranking changed to 4th, 8th, 3rd, 17th and 11th respectively in 2011. These results point out a marked shift in the trend of economic and environmental efficiency. On the contrary, Portugal, Malta, Croatia and Turkey were ranked 7th, 9th, 13th and 14th respectively in 1990, and at the end of the period, they dropped to 14th, 15th, 22nd and 28th respectively. There seems to be a positive linear relationship that exists between calculated eco-efficiency scores and income, but a high value for gross domestic product using the purchasing power parity does not automatically imply good environmental performance or vice versa.https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i2.477

scholarly journals Relationship between gross domestic product and duration of untreated psychosis in low- and middle-income countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 193 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Large ◽  
Saeed Farooq ◽  
Olav Nielssen ◽  
Tim Slade
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Duration Of Untreated Psychosis ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundThe duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), the period between the first onset of psychotic symptoms and treatment, has an important influence on the outcome of schizophrenia.AimsTo compare the published studies of DUP in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries with the DUP of high-income countries, and examine a possible association between DUP and per capita income.MethodWe used six search strategies to locate studies of the DUP from LAMI countries published between January 1975 and January 2008. We then examined the relationship between DUP and measures of economic activity, which was assessed using the LAMI classification of countries and gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity.ResultsThe average mean DUP in studies from LAMI countries was 125.0 weeks compared with 63.4 weeks in studies from high-income countries (P=0.012). Within the studies from LAMI countries, mean DUP fell by 6 weeks for every $1000 of GDP purchasing power parity.ConclusionsThere appears to be an inverse relationship between income and DUP in LAMI countries. The cost of treatment is an impediment to care and subsidised antipsychotic medication would improve the access to treatment and the outcome of psychotic illness in LAMI countries.

scholarly journals Gross Domestic Product & it’s Various Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Satish Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

Abstract P360: Hypertension Treatment Rates And Health Worker Density: An Analysis Of Worldwide Data

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajesh Vedanthan ◽  
Mondira Ray ◽  
Valentin Fuster ◽  
Ellen Magenheim
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Health Worker ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Hypertension Treatment ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Capita Gross Domestic Product ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

Introduction: Hypertension is the leading global risk for mortality and its prevalence is increasing in many low- and middle-income countries. Hypertension treatment rates are low worldwide, potentially in part due to insufficient human resources. However, the relationship between health worker density and hypertension treatment rates is unknown. Objective: To conduct an econometric analysis of the relationship between health worker density and hypertension treatment rates worldwide. Methods: Hypertension treatment rates were collected from published reports between 1980 and 2010. Data on health worker (physician and nurse) density were obtained from the World Health Organization (WHO). Data for potential confounding variables--per capita gross domestic product, hospital bed density, burden of infectious diseases, land area and urban population--were obtained from WHO and World Bank databases. Potential interaction by per capita gross domestic product was evaluated. Multivariable logistic-logarithmic regression analysis was performed using Stata. Results: Full data were available from 146 countries spanning all World Bank income classification categories. Health worker density was significantly associated with hypertension treatment rate in the unadjusted model (beta = 0.23; p < 0.005). In the fully adjusted model, the association remained positive but was not statistically significant (beta = 0.30; p = 0.078) (Figure). Hypertension treatment rates were more strongly related to physician than nurse density (beta = 0.21 vs 0.08; p = 0.10 vs 0.49). Conclusion: Hypertension treatment rates across the world appear to be related to health worker density, although the relationship does not achieve strict statistical significance. Our results suggest that a 10% increase in health worker density is associated with a 2-3% increase in hypertension treatment rate. Given the global burden of hypertension and other chronic diseases, WHO guidelines for health workforce staffing may need to be reconsidered.

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