Capitalism/Democracy/Rule of Law Interactions and Implications for Entrepreneurship and Per Capita Real Gross Domestic Product Adjusted for Purchasing Power Parity

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Real Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Per Capita

scholarly journals THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF PRODUCTION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL ENERGY

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Zhezhelenko
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Power Grids ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Analytical Determination ◽  
Regulation System ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Transmission And Distribution

The main directions of increase of efficiency of production, transmission and distribution of electric energy have been formulated. The relation between the values of electricity losses during transmission via power grids of different countries and the level of the economies of these countries characterized by the value of gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita has been established. In the countries with a gross domestic product at purchasing power parity per capita less than 20 thousand US dollars electricity losses during its transmission via power grids are 1.5–2.5 times more than the ones transmitted via power grids of the industrialized countries where the specified purchasing power parity is in the range of 30.4–54.5 thousand US dollars. In the countries with more developed economies the technical culture of production, transmission and distribution of electricity is higher; the modern control systems of operation modes of electrical networks are used as well as of monitoring and accounting of electricity; also there are solvent and disciplined consumers in such countries as well as clear regulatory framework and tariff regulation system. However, the process of transmission and distribution of electricity is effective if not only low relative losses take place, but the normal (contractual) requirements for carrying capacity, quality and reliability of electricity supply are provided. The possibility of analytical determination of the optimum value of reserve capacity of power plants providing the required level of reliability of the power system has been considered.

Introduction

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
K. L. Datta
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Indian Economy ◽  
The World Bank ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita

India, after seven decades of independence, found itself in the position of the fifth-largest economy in the world, with nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of USD 2.94 trillion in 2019. It is also the fastest-growing trillion-dollar economy in the world. India’s rank would have been third if GDP across the countries was compared in terms of purchasing power parity. But, in per capita terms, India falls way behind most of the member countries of the World Bank. However, this should not negate the expansion of the Indian economy that has taken place since Independence....

scholarly journals ECO-EFFICIENCY ANALYSIS USING ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS APPROACH

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Çiğdem Köne ◽  
Tayfun Büke
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Process Methodology ◽  
Environment Agency ◽  
Hierarchy Process

The environmental efficiencies of 31 member countries of the European Environment Agency between 1990 and 2011 were evaluated using the gross domestic product using purchasing power parity. Categories of imparting pressure on the environment, including global warming, acidification, tropospheric ozone formation and particle formation potentials were considered for each country. These environmental pressure categories were weighted using the Analytical Hierarchy Process methodology. Calculations of the results indicated the Netherlands, Germany, the United Kingdom, Hungary and Ireland ranked 10th, 15th, 17th, 21st and 22nd respectively in 1990, and their ranking changed to 4th, 8th, 3rd, 17th and 11th respectively in 2011. These results point out a marked shift in the trend of economic and environmental efficiency. On the contrary, Portugal, Malta, Croatia and Turkey were ranked 7th, 9th, 13th and 14th respectively in 1990, and at the end of the period, they dropped to 14th, 15th, 22nd and 28th respectively. There seems to be a positive linear relationship that exists between calculated eco-efficiency scores and income, but a high value for gross domestic product using the purchasing power parity does not automatically imply good environmental performance or vice versa.https://doi.org/10.13033/ijahp.v9i2.477

scholarly journals Relationship between gross domestic product and duration of untreated psychosis in low- and middle-income countries

2008 ◽  
Vol 193 (4) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Large ◽  
Saeed Farooq ◽  
Olav Nielssen ◽  
Tim Slade
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
High Income ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Psychotic Symptoms ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Duration Of Untreated Psychosis ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Low And Middle Income

BackgroundThe duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), the period between the first onset of psychotic symptoms and treatment, has an important influence on the outcome of schizophrenia.AimsTo compare the published studies of DUP in low- and middle-income (LAMI) countries with the DUP of high-income countries, and examine a possible association between DUP and per capita income.MethodWe used six search strategies to locate studies of the DUP from LAMI countries published between January 1975 and January 2008. We then examined the relationship between DUP and measures of economic activity, which was assessed using the LAMI classification of countries and gross domestic product (GDP) purchasing power parity.ResultsThe average mean DUP in studies from LAMI countries was 125.0 weeks compared with 63.4 weeks in studies from high-income countries (P=0.012). Within the studies from LAMI countries, mean DUP fell by 6 weeks for every $1000 of GDP purchasing power parity.ConclusionsThere appears to be an inverse relationship between income and DUP in LAMI countries. The cost of treatment is an impediment to care and subsidised antipsychotic medication would improve the access to treatment and the outcome of psychotic illness in LAMI countries.

scholarly journals Gross domestic product and its place in the state’s economic growth

2020 ◽  
pp. 58-72
Author(s):  
Victoria Kovalenko
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
External Debt ◽  
Transport Infrastructure ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Real Gross Domestic Product

The article analyzes the dynamics of changes in gross domestic product of Ukraine and other countries of the world during 1991–2019. The role of gross domestic product in the country’s economic growth is determined. The current level of gross domestic product of Ukraine in comparison with other countries has been defined. Gross domestic product indicator by purchasing power parity per capita (real gross domestic product) was used for comparative analyses. Attention is focused on the fact that both in Ukraine and in a number of European countries there is a positive trend regarding its growth. It is established that the functioning of the shadow economy, along with the legal one, leads to a significant reduction in the share of tax revenues in the structure of the country’s budget revenues, which endangers the implementation of important government programs. Assessment of gross domestic product by categories of final consumption and income has been carried out. It has been proven that the main burden of losses from the economic downturn is shifted to employees. A decrease in gross domestic product leads to a reduction in the share of wages. The dynamics of indicators of the ratio of internal and external debt to gross domestic product for the period 2006–2019 is analyzed. It is established that the peak period, which poses a threat to Ukraine’s ability to fulfill its obligations, falls on 2015–2017. It has been substantiated that the growth of real gross domestic product in Ukraine is insignificant. External and internal reasons for the slow growth of real gross domestic product are determined, in particular: a high level of corruption; war in the East; growth of inflation, NBU discount rate; low investment attractiveness of domestic enterprises; growth of external debt; deterioration of transport infrastructure; poor economic dynamics; lack of a country development strategy. The directions of solving the negative situation that has developed in the country are given, and the ways of increasing the growth rate of the gross domestic product are proposed

scholarly journals Gross Domestic Product & it’s Various Approaches

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 70-85
Author(s):  
Satish Chandra Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Inflation Rates ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a monetary measure of the market value of all the final goods and services produced in a period of time, often annually GDP (nominal) per capita does not, however, reflect differences in the cost of living and the inflation rates of the countries; therefore, using a basis of GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP) is arguably more useful when comparing differences in living standards between nations.

Abstract 3225: Gross Domestic Product and Health Expenditure Associated with Incidence, 30-Day Fatality and Age at Stroke Onset: A Systematic Review

Stroke ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciano Sposato ◽  
Gustavo Saposnik
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Stroke Onset ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Day Case ◽  
Scatter Plots ◽  
Per Capita

Background: Differences in definitions of socioeconomic status (SES) and between study designs hinder their comparability across countries. We aimed to analyze the correlation of three widely used macro-SES indicators with stroke incidence and age at stroke onset. Methods: We selected population-based studies reporting incident stroke risk and/or 30-day case fatality according to pre-specified criteria. We used three macro-SES indicators that are consistently defined by international agencies: per capita gross domestic product adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP-aGDP), total health expenditures per capita at purchasing power parity (PPP-aTHE) and unemployment rate. We used two-tailed Spearman’s test and scatter-plots for analyzing the correlation of each macro-SES indicator with incident risk of stroke, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset. Results: Twenty-three manuscripts comprising 30 population-based studies fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Age-adjusted incident risk of stroke using standardized World Health Organization World population, 30-day case fatality rates, proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and age at stroke onset were associated to lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE ( Table 1 and Figures 2 and 3). There was no correlation between unemployment rates and outcome measures. Table 1. Correlation Analyses of Macro-Indicators of Socioeconomic Status Figures 1. Scatter Plots for PPP-aGDP Figures 2. Scatter Plots for PPP-aTHE Conclusions: Lower PPP-aGDP and PPP-aTHE were associated with higher incident risk of stroke, higher case fatality, greater proportion of hemorrhagic strokes and lower age at stroke onset. As a result, these macro-SES indicators may be used as proxy measures of quality of primary prevention and acute care and considered as important factors for developing strategies aimed at improving worldwide stroke care.

scholarly journals The Big Mac Index And Real-Income Disparity

2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vidya Atal
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Purchasing Power Parity ◽  
Real Income ◽  
Purchasing Power ◽  
Income Disparity ◽  
Power Parity ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government ◽  
Role Of The Government

The Big Mac Index was introduced to (semi-humorously) test the theory of purchasing power parity and measure the disparity in currency values. Instead, in this paper, we consider this index to find out the per capita real-income disparity across 54 countries. We find that the per capita real-income can be very low in some countries even when Big Mac burgers are very cheap, like in India. Among these countries, Hong Kongs per capita Big Mac affordability is the highest with 47 burgers daily whereas Pakistans people could afford just one a day. Additionally, we find that Russia and Chinas Big Mac affordability has been significantly increasing over the last decade, Brazils has remained more or less constant, however USAs Big Mac affordability has been falling, indicating that per capita real-income of Americans has been decreasing over the last decade. Finally, we find that increased role of the government might be negatively correlated to per capita real-income. Czech Republic has been experiencing increased Big Mac affordability as the country has been reducing the governments role; whereas Argentina has been experiencing reduced Big Mac affordability as the country has been moving left and increasing the governments power.

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