Risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis as detected by California Mastitis Test in smallholder dairy farms in Jimma, Ethiopia using multilevel modelling

The aim of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for clinical and subclinical mastitis in smallholder dairy farms in Brazil. A prospective, repeated cross-sectional study was carried out between May 2018 and June 2019 on 10 smallholder dairy farms. Potential risk factors for subclinical and clinical mastitis at the herd and cow level were recorded through interviewing the owner and by observation. A combination of clinical udder examination and the Tamis (screened mug with a dark base) test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) were applied to observe clinical mastitis, and the California Mastitis Test (Tadabras Indústria e Comércio de Produtos Agrovetereinário LTDA, Bragrança Paulista, SP, Brazil) was used to determine subclinical mastitis. A total of 4567 quarters were tested, 107 (2.3%) had clinical mastitis, while 1519 (33.2%) had subclinical mastitis. At the cow level, clinical mastitis risk was highest in mid-lactation (50–150 days in milk) with OR 2.62 with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 1.03–6.67, while subclinical mastitis was highest in late lactation (> 150 days in milk) with OR 2.74 (95% CI 2.05–3.63) and lower in primiparous (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.41–0.71) than multiparous cows. At the herd level, using dry-cow treatment (OR 4.23, 95% CI 1.42–12.62) was associated with an increased risk of clinical mastitis. Milking clinical (OR 0.37, 95% CI 0.24–0.56) and subclinical cases last (OR 0.21, 95% CI 0.09–0.47) and cleaning the milking parlor regularly (OR 0.27, 95% CI 0.15–0.46) had decreased odds for subclinical mastitis, while herds with optimized feed had greater odds (OR 9.11, 95% CI 2.59–31.9). Prevalence of clinical mastitis was at its lowest at the first visit in June/July and highest at the last visit in April/June (OR 3.81, 95% CI 1.93–7.52). Subclinical mastitis also presented increased odds in the last visit (OR 2.62, 95% CI 2.0–3.36). This study has identified some risk factors for mastitis on smallholder farms but further research on more farms across more areas of Brazil is required to develop a targeted mastitis control program for smallholder farms.

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Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in cattle from smallholder dairy farms in Zimbabwe

Tropical Animal Health and Production ◽

10.1007/s11250-011-9794-4 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 43 (5) ◽

pp. 975-982 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Gift Matope ◽

Evison Bhebhe ◽

John Bwalya Muma ◽

James Oloya ◽

Rachel L. Madekurozwa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Smallholder Dairy ◽

Associated Risk Factors ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farms

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Herd- and cow-level risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in dairy farms from the High Plains of the northern Antioquia, Colombia

Journal of Dairy Science ◽

10.3168/jds.2013-6815 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 97 (7) ◽

pp. 4141-4150 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

N.F. Ramírez ◽

G. Keefe ◽

I. Dohoo ◽

J. Sánchez ◽

O. Arroyave ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

High Plains ◽

Factors Associated

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Prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis and quality of milk on smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v80i3.195 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 80 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

R.H. Mdegela ◽

R. Ryoba ◽

E.D. Karimuribo ◽

E.J. Phiri ◽

T. Loken ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Clinical Mastitis ◽

Milk Quality ◽

Herd Level ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Antimicrobial Residues ◽

Smallholder Dairy ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farms

A cross sectional study was conducted during October and November 2006 on 69 smallholder dairy farms with lactating cows in Mvomero and Njombe districts Tanzania, to determine the prevalence of mastitis and to assess the milk quality on the study farms. Clinical mastitis was investigated using clinical changes of udder and milk at animal level. Cow-side California Mastitis Test (CMT) and microbiological cultures were used to assess subclinical mastitis at quarter level. Milk quality was determined on bulk milk samples at herd level using alcohol and acidity tests, butter fat content, total solids, ash content as well as Delvotest® for antimicrobial residues. Overall prevalence of clinical mastitis at herd level in both districts was 21.7 % (n = 69). Based on CMT, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at animal level was 51.6 % (n = 91). Prevalence of bacterial isolates at animal level was 35.2 % (n = 91) while for fungal it was 16.7 % (n = 90). Based on CMT results, prevalence of subclinical mastitis at quarter level was 30 % (n = 353), while for bacteria and fungi it was 16 % and 6 % respectively. Contamination of milk with antimicrobial residues was 4.5 % (n =67). The milk quality parameters for most of the milk samples were within acceptable levels. Findings in this study have demonstrated high prevalence of subclinical mastitis that may contribute to low productivity of dairy cattle in both districts. About 20 % of CMT subclinical cases had no involvement of microbial pathogens that suggested the need for minimal interventions with antimicrobial agents. These findings call for use of udder disinfectants and improved milking hygiene as intervention strategies to control mastitis on the smallholder dairy farms in Tanzania.

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Prevalence and risk factors associated with subclinical mastitis in lactating dairy cows under smallholder dairy farming in North East Tanzania

Journal of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health ◽

10.5897/jvmah2019.0775 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 55-64

Author(s):

Kilyenyi Damian ◽

Mdegela Robinson ◽

Kusiluka Lughano ◽

Shirima Gabriel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Cows ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Dairy Farming ◽

Factors Associated ◽

North East ◽

Lactating Dairy Cows ◽

Smallholder Dairy ◽

Smallholder Dairy Farming

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Incidence and Associated Risk Actors of Heifer Mastitis in Dairy Farms at Mekelle Town, Northern Ethiopia

Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research ◽

10.23880/oajvsr-16000176 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. 1-9

Author(s):

Bisrat M

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Dairy Farms ◽

Subclinical Mastitis ◽

Northern Ethiopia ◽

Lactation Period ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

California Mastitis Test ◽

Hand Wash ◽

Potential Risk Factors ◽

Physical Examinations

A longitudinal study was conducted from November 2013 to May 2014 in Mekelle town, Northern Ethiopia, to assess the incidence of heifer mastitis, to isolate and identify the causative pathogens and their susceptibility to different antimicrobials and also identify risk factors associated with occurrence of heifer mastitis. Twenty - five heifers were included from 4 d airy farms and 11 cooperative small holder’s dairy farms during the study period. Total of 100 quarters were examined to detect clinical and subclinical mastitis by physical examinations of udder and milk and California mastitis Test (CMT), respectively. T he incidence of mastitis per gland at risk was 64 % and the spontaneous cure rate of infected quarters was 33 %. Incidence of heifers’ intra - mammary infections (IMI) in the study area was highest at calving (28%). Infection per quarter revealed that 49% we re mastitis positive of which 8.2% of their quarters were clinical and 45/49 (91.8%) quarters were sub clinical type of mastitis. The incidence rate per quarters were statistically significant (p <0.05) and higher in rear quarters than front quarters. The univariate logistic regression showed that among potential risk factors considered from the farm attributes, breed, age, practice of milking mastitic cow last, housing nature, hand wash before and in between milking and udder hygiene had significant effect on the prevalence of subclinical mastitis. Coagulase negative Staphylococci (CNS) (54.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (21.8%) , were the predominant bacteria. Relatively most of the isolates are susceptible to Chloramphenicol, Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin and V ancomycin but resistant to Penicillin. The study also revealed that S.aureus, E.coli and S.agalactiae were highly incident at calving. It is concluded that prevalence of CNS, lack of hygienic practice and infestation of ticks should give serious attention.Intramammary treatment of prepartum heifer with appropriate antimicrobials may help to reduce the incidence of mastitis at calving and subsequent lactation period.

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