Risk factors associated with the occurrence of multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. isolated from bovine subclinical mastitis in northern Brazil

Staphylococcus bacteria are often associated with subclinical bovine mastitis. This study aimed to identify multiresistant Staphylococcus spp. associated with subclinical mastitis and the associated risk factors. Twenty-three dairy farms with a history of decrease in milk production, located in the lower Acre region, Brazil, were selected. An epidemiological questionnaire was provided in all farms. All animals were examined using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and their milk samples were collected for bacterial culture. After isolation and identification, the disk diffusion antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed against nine classes of antimicrobials. Of the 339 cows examined using the CMT, 108 had mastitis. A total of 229 milk samples were collected from individual teats. MALDI-TOF MS found isolates belonging to eight species of Staphylococcus, in 101 of these samples. S. chromogenes (58.4%) demonstrated strongest resistance to the nine classes of antimicrobial active principles. Nineteen isolates with multidrug resistance phenotypic profile were identified. This phenotypic expression indicates wide circulation of resistant genes in this species. The presence of multidrug resistance in Staphylococcus spp. in this study was correlated with lack of water for cleaning the corral, which is a preventive factor, minimizing the transmission and persistence of pathogens in the farms.

Etiology of Mastitis and Antimicrobial Resistance in Dairy Cattle Farms in the Western Part of Romania

The present study aimed to determine the bacteria isolated from bovine mastitis and their antimicrobial resistance in the western part of Romania. Clinical mastitis was diagnosed based on local inflammation in the udder, changes in milk, and when present, generalized symptoms. Subclinical mastitis was assessed using a rapid test—the California Mastitis Test. The identification of bacterial strains was performed based on biochemical profiles using API system tests (API 20 E, API Staph, API 20 Strep, API Coryne, API 20 NE (bioMerieux, Marcy l’Etoile, France), and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS). The prevalent isolated bacteria were Staphylococcus spp. (50/116; 43.19%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (26/116; 22.41%), E. coli (16/116; 13.79%), Corynebacterium spp. (9/116; 7.75%), Enterococcus spp. (10/116; 8.62%), and Enterobacter spp. (5/116; 4.31%). Phenotype antimicrobial resistance profiling was performed used the disc diffusion method. Generally, Gram-positive bacteria showed low susceptibility to most of the antimicrobials tested, except cephalothin. Susceptibilities to penicillins and quinolones were fairly high in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas resistance was observed to macrolides, aminoglycosides, and tetracyclines. The highest number of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR), the resistance pathotypes identified including the most frequently antimicrobials used in cow mastitis treatment in Romania.

Prevalencia bayesiana de Staphylococcus aureus en vacas lecheras en el Valle del Cauca, Colombia

El Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales microorganismos causantes de mastitis subclínica en las vacas lecheras. Determinar la prevalencia del S. aureus se hace necesario en vacas de hatos lecheros grandes y pequeños ubicados en la región norte, centro y sur del departamento del Valle del Cauca, Colombia. Se utilizó la metodología del National Mastitis Council recolectando 1070 muestras de leche de 273 vacas en 17 hatos mediante un muestreo polietápico, durante el periódo 2015 - 2016. Se realizó cultivo con todas las muestras recolectadas independientemente del resultado de la prueba de California mastitis test. Se utilizó el análisis bayesiano de los datos para obtener estimaciones más precisas. La prevalencia bayesiana del patógeno S. aureus en vacas lecheras en el Valle del Cauca fue de 31,94% y se tiene un 95% de probabilidad de que el intervalo (30,03 – 37,62%) contenga el valor de dicha prevalencia. La región Norte, Centro y Sur evidenciaron prevalencias de 33%, 34% y 24% respectivamente. En cuanto al tamaño del hato se evidenció que las vacas de los hatos pequeños presentan mayor prevalencia con 47% que las vacas de los hatos grandes 17% a la presencia del patógeno. La alta prevalencia encontrada en las vacas genera un alto impacto en la salud pública debido a una posible contaminación zoonótica por este patógeno.

Prevalence of Bovine Mastitis in the Western Region of Cameroon

Mastitis is the major disease in milking cows causing huge losses to the dairy industry worldwide. It is in view to contribute to the eradication of this pathology that the present study was carried out in cattle farms of the West Region of Cameroon from March 2020 to November 2020. A total of 473 lactating cows of local and improved breeds were screened for mastitis. Screening for clinical and sub-clinical mastitis was based on the observation of clinical signs and on the use of the California Mastitis Test (CMT) respectively. The overall prevalence was 34.88%, among which 9.72% and 25.16% represented clinical and subclinical mastitis respectively. In summary, the factors influencing the occurrence of mastitis were: the divisions surveyed (p<0.001), breed type (p=0.003), age range (p<0,001), farm type (p=0.05), soil type (p<0,001), cleaning frequency (p<0.001), feeding method (p<0.001), hygiene of udder (p=0.05) and stage of lactation (p=0.02). The results obtained allow us to recommend an improvement of the breeding conditions to prevent mastitis, because once mastitis appears in a farm, it becomes very difficult to eradicate it.

Virulence Factors and Prevalence of Udder´s Pathogens in Dairy Cows during the Peripartal Period

Data presented in this study described the prevalence of udder pathogens and presence of virulence factors in staphylococci isolated from mastitis in dairy cows. The practical part of study was realized in five different dairy herds of Slovak spotted cattle breed located in Eastern Slovakia with conventional (non-organic) farming. At the beginning of lactation (during first two months after calving) were comprehensively investigated 960 cows from monitored herds. The comprehensive examination included clinical examination, sensory analysis of milk from fore stripping of each udder quarter, followed by assessment of the California mastitis test (CMT) and laboratory analyses of bacteria pathogens. Screening the health status of the mammary gland revealed that 314 cows (32.7%) had positive CMT score (1-3) for one or more quarters. Out of 230 infected milk samples, representing 24.0% of all dairy cows examined, were the most commonly isolated staphylococci (59.1% of positive findings), followed by E. coli (11.3%), streptococci Str. uberis (9.1%), Str. agalactiae (3.4%), and enterococci (6.1%). From 136 isolates of coagulase negative stafylococci (98 isolates) and S. aureus (38 isolates) were detected some virulence factors such as production of hemolysins (lysines ß and δ), gelatinase, biofilm, and hydrolyze of DNA. Isolated S. aureus, S. chromogenes and S. warneri had the most numerous representation of detected virulence factors, as demonstrated by the increased incidence of clinical forms of mastitis compared to less virulent strains.

Preliminary study of homeopathic treatment of subclinical mastitis evaluated through somatic cells count (SCC) and California mastitis test (CMT)

The present paper presents the results of homeopathic treatment of 25 Holstein breed cows aged 3 to 8 years old diagnosed with subclinical mastitis through California Mastitis Test (CMT). Animals were divided into 3 groups according with infection level. A homeopathic complex was developed on the grounds of clinical aspects, including Phosphorus 30x, Phytolacca 30x, Silicea 30x, Sulphur 30x, Belladona 30x, Bryonia alba 30x, Pulsatilla 30x, Calendula 30x and biotherapic of Staphylococcus aureus 200x. The remedy was added to salt and was administered to cattle 100g/cow/day for 75 days. CMT were carried out every 2 weeks to control incidence and severity of mastitis; somatic cells count (SCC) was performed at the beginning and the end of treatment. CMT showed significant improvement in regression of infection level all throughout the study; final SCC showed decrease in 82% of animals, signaling thus efficacy of the homeopathic treatment. Keywords: Subclinical mastitis; Dairy cows; Homeopathy; California Mastitis Test, Somatic Cells Count.  Estudo preliminar do tratamento homeopático da mastite subclínica avaliado por contagem de células somáticas (SCC) e California Mastitis Test (CMT) Resumo Este artigo apresenta os resultados do tratamento homeopático de 25 vacas raça Holstein entre 3 e 8 anos de idade diagnosticadas com mastite subclínica através do California Mastitis Test (CMT). Os animais foram divididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o nível da infecção. Foi preparado um complexo homeopático com base nos achados clínicos, composto de: Phosphorus 30X, Phytolacca 30x, Sulphur 30x, Belladona 30x, Bryonia alba 30x, Silicea 30x, Pulsatilla 30x, Calendula 30x s 30X, Phytolacca 30x, Sulphur 30x, Belladona 30x, Bryonia alba 30x, Silicea 30x, Pulsatilla 30x, Calendula 30x e bioterápico de Staphylococcus aureus 200x. O complexo foi acrescentado no sal e administrado na dose de 100g/vaca/dia. O CMT foi realizado a cada 2 semanas a fim de monitorar a incidéncia e gravidade da mastitie; a contagem de células somáticas (SCC) foi realizada ao início e no final do tratamento. Os valores do CMT mostraram melhora significativa no sentido de regressão do nível da infecção ao longo do estudo; o valor final da SCC diminuiu em 82% dos animais, apontando para a eficácia do tratamento homeopático. Palavras-chave: Mastite subclínica; Vacas leiteiras; Homeopatia; CMT, contagem de células somáticas.  Estudio preliminar del tratamiento homeopático de la mastitis sublínica evaluado mediante recuento de células somáticas (SCC) y California Mastitis Test (CMT) Resumen Este artículo presenta los resultados del tratamiento homeopático de 25 vacas raza Holstein entre 3 e 8 años de edad diagnosticadas com mastitis sucblínica mediante California Mastitis Test (CMT). Los animales fueron divididos en 3 grupos según el nível de la infección. Fue compuesto un complejo homeopático con base en la presentación clínica, incluyendo Phosphorus 30X, Phytolacca 30x, Sulphur 30x, Belladona 30x, Bryonia alba 30x, Silicea 30x, Pulsatilla 30x, Calendula 30x y bioterápico de Staphylococcus aureus 200x. El complejo fue agregado en sal y administrado a los animales en la dosis de 100g/vaca/día. CMT fue realizado cada 2 semanas para monitorizar la incidencia y gravedad de la mastitis; recuento de células somáticas (SCC) fue realizado al inicio y al final del tratamiento. CMT mostró mejoría significativa en el sentido de regresión del nivel de la infección a lo largo del estudio; el valor final del SCC disminuyó en 82% de los animales, apuntando para la eficacia del tratamiento homeopático. Palabras-clave: Mastitis subclínica; Vacas lecheras; Homeopatía; CMT, recuento de células somáticas.  Correspondence author: Zilda Cristiani Gazim, [email protected] How to cite this article: Barzon CD, Medeiros F, Moraes RE, Silva LCM, Massambani C, Takemura OS, Gazim ZC. Preliminary study of homeopathic treatment of subclinical mastitis evaluated through somatic cells count and California mastitis test. Int J High Dilution Res [online]. 2008 [cited YYYY Mmm DD]; 7(24): 147-151. Available from: http://journal.giri-society.org/index.php/ijhdr/article/view/292/364. ÂÂÂ

Tryptophan, Kynurenine and Kynurenic Acid Concentrations in Milk and Serum of Dairy Cows with Prototheca Mastitis

The aim of this work was to investigate serum and milk levels of tryptophan (TRP), kynurenine (KYN), and kynurenic acid (KYNA), as well as the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) in cows with mastitis due to Prototheca algae. The study was prompted by previous research showing a link between the KYN pathway of TRP metabolism and bovine mastitis of bacterial etiology. The study was carried out over a 2-year period (2018–2019) and included quarter milk and serum samples collected from six dairy herds in Poland. The samples were obtained from healthy cows and cows with Prototheca mastitis of either clinical and subclinical manifestation, as determined upon direct measurement of the somatic cell count or indirectly by performing a California Mastitis Test on suspected quarters. Both TRP and KYN concentrations were significantly lower in milk of mastitic cows compared to healthy animals (0.8 vs. 8.72 µM, p = 0.001; 0.07 vs. 0.32 µM, p = 0.001, respectively). The difference in TRP and KYN concentrations in the sera of the two animal groups was much less pronounced (25.55 vs. 27.57 µM, 3.03 vs. 3.56 nM, respectively). The concentration of KYNA was almost at the same level in milk (1.73 vs. 1.70 nM) and in serum (80.47 vs. 75.48 nM) of both mastitic and healthy cows. The data showed that the level of TRP and its metabolites in serum was conspicuously higher compared to milk in all cows under the study. The activity of IDO was significantly higher in milk of cows with Prototheca mastitis compared to healthy animals (71.4 vs. 40.86, p < 0.05), while in serum it was pretty much the same (135.94 vs. 124.98, p > 0.05). The IDO activity differed significantly between serum and milk both for mastitic (135.94 vs. 71.4, p < 0.05) and healthy cows (124.98 vs. 40.86, p < 0.001). In conclusion, low values of TRP and KYN concentrations or elevated IDO activity in milk samples might be used as markers of mastitis due to infectious causes, including Prototheca spp.

Post-dipping in Milk Production, Composition, and Quality

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of post-dipping on milk production, composition, and quality of cows with subclinical mastitis. Samples of mast milk from two different dairy farms were analyzed in two moments: before the post-dipping implantation and after 30 days, the samples were conditioned to the refrigeration temperature in an isothermal box and sent to the laboratory for the following analyzes: California Mastitis Test (CMT), Somatic Cell Count (SCC), Fat, Protein, Lactose, Total Solids (TS), Non-Fat Solids (NFS) and microbiological tests, as well as individual milk weighing. The experimental design was completely randomized and arranged in a split-plot scheme, submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) by the F test. The post-dipping practice during 30 days resulted in the means and standard deviation of the analyzes of the studied variables, where the values of SCC, CMT, and microbiological score profile were statistically significant. The highest etiological agent found was Staphylococcus spp. The fat and lactose profile increased in both farms, but there was no significant difference. Protein increased in both farms, but in farm I, there was no significant difference and in farm 2, there was a significant difference. Total Solids, Non-greasy solids, and weighing had a percentage increase, but the means of weight did not differ statistically. The post-dipping technique was an effective measure in the control of subclinical mastitis and brings health benefits to the mammary gland.

The effect of subclinical mastitis on qualitative composition of milk

A complex of mammological studies was carried out in experimental farms of the Vladimir region. Lactating cows underwent an express diagnosis of the health of the udder with the California mastitis test, and based on the result obtained, three groups of animals were formed, 20 animals each. The animals of the first group had a questionable reaction to the California express method; animals the second - weakly positive; the third group included blood with negative reaction to tests (control). In studies of milk from cows with suspected udder inflammation, a decrease in dry matter content and a change in the quantitative ratio between the constituents of milk were found. The dry matter content in the milk of the cows of the 1st experimental group exceeded this indicator in the milk of the 2nd group of cows by 7.6%; and lagged behind the control by 12.8%. When milk from sick cows was heated, some of the whey proteins were destabilized. The titratable acidity of the milk of the cows of the 1st experimental group was within the limits stipulated by GOST for the prepared milk, while in the cows of the 2nd group it was reduced to 13.22 ± 0.16 ° T, which indicates the onset of the inflammatory process in the mammary gland. When carrying out echographic visualization of the excretory system of the udder of cows, the following features were revealed: with a large volume of the milk cistern, the main type of branching of the excretory system was observed; with medium and small - mixed type; and with mild - loose As a result of the experiment, it can be concluded that animals with a weakly positive reaction to the California Mastitis Test are less productive and they receive milk of lower quality, which is practically not suitable for further use for technological purposes. However, according to the current Technical Regulations, this milk can correspond to the first or second grade.

PENYULUHAN MASTITIS SUBKLINIS DAN KEGIATAN UJI CALIFORNIA MASTITIS TEST PADA SAPI PERAH DI KOPERASI UNIT DESA KECAMATAN NGANCAR, KABUPATEN KEDIRI, JAWA TIMUR

Subclinical mastitis is an inflammation of the udder that often attacks livestock, especially milk-producing livestock. The impact of the subclinical mastitis losses is quite large, including a drastic decrease in the quantity and quality of milk, but no pathological changes were found in cows. The Karya Bhakti Village Unit Cooperative (VUC) is a center for milk production in the Kediri Regency which accommodates dairy cows' milk products from people's farms in the Kediri Regency. The low awareness of farmers in the management of livestock health care and hygiene results in low productivity and quality of milk and the high incidence of subclinical mastitis. This encourages counseling about subclinical mastitis. The socialization method used for counseling were carried out by presenting material about subclinical mastitis with lecture techniques (power point slides), videos about the method of early detection of subclinical mastitis using California Mastitis Test (CMT), conducting demonstrations of testing milk samples using the CMT method and discussion about the material that has been delivered as an indicator of the success of counseling. This series of counseling activities is an effort to reduce the incidence of subclinical mastitis through increasing public knowledge and understanding. This activity also has a positive impact by reducing infectious diseases, especially subclinical mastitis in livestock so that the health of livestock and products from livestock will also be guaranteed both in terms of quality and quantity.Keywords: mastitis, subclinical mastitis, cows, Counseling, CMTAbstrakMastitis subklinis merupakan radang ambing yang sering menyerang hewan ternak khususnya ternak penghasil susu. Dampak kerugian mastitis subklinis diantaranya penurunan kuantitas dan kualitas susu secara drastis, namun tidak ditemukan adanya perubahan patologis pada sapi. Koperasi Unit Desa (KUD) Karya Bhakti merupakan KUD yang menjadi sentra penghasil susu di Wilayah Kabupaten Kediri yang menampung hasil susu sapi perah dari peternakan – peternakan rakyat di Wilayah Kabupaten Kediri. Rendahnya kesadaran peternak dalam manajemen kesehatan ternak dan hiegienitas kandang mengakibatkan rendahnya produktivitas dan kualitas susu serta masih tingginya angka kejadian mastitis subklinis. Angka kejadian mastitis subklinis yang tinggi ini mendorong untuk dilakukan penyuluhan mengenai mastitis subklinis. Metode sosialisasi yang digunakan untuk penyuluhan adalah menggunakan alat peraga berupa slide power point yang berisikan materi mastitis subklinis, video metode deteksi dini mastitis subklinis menggunakan California Mastitis Test(CMT), demonstrasi CMT pada sampel susu serta tanya jawab seputar materi yang telah disampaikan sebagai salah satu indikator keberhasilan penyuluhan. Rangkaian kegiatan penyuluhan ini sebagai upaya untuk menekan angka kejadian mastitis subklinis melalui peningkatan pengetahuan dan pemahaman masyarakat. Kegiatan ini juga memberikan dampak positif dengan menurunnya penyakit infeksi khususnya mastitis subklinis pada hewan ternak sehingga kesehatan hewan ternak dan produk asal hewan ternak juga akan terjamin baik dari segi kualitas maupun kuantitasnya.Kata Kunci: mastitis, mastitis subklinis, sapi perah, penyuluhan, CMT