Feline Alveolar Osteitis: Osseodensification with Implant Placement Protocol

Feline dental implants are becoming a predictable and viable treatment option for the replacement of lost canines due to maxillary alveolar osteitis (AO) a painful condition, commonly experienced by felines. Surgical extraction and debridement remains the treatment of choice for this complex inflammatory process. Future complications however can be a common sequela of maxillary canine loss. The case presented demonstrates successful surgical extraction of a maxillary canine with implant placement following the osseodensification protocol and utilizing the sockets osteitis buttressing bone formation to promote a positive result with final restoration of the implant with a crown 13 weeks post implant placement.

Activation of Heterophils and Monocytes in Chicken with a Formulation Containing a Seaweed Extract from Ulva armoricana

Responsiveness to invasive pathogens, clearance via the inflammatory response, and activation of appropriate acquired responses are all coordinated by innate host defenses. We have previously demonstrated that a purified ulvan extract of Ulva armoricana is able to activate avian heterophils and monocytes in vitro and in vivo , leading to in vivo release of cytokines including interleukin 1 β (IL1β), interferon α (IFNα) and interferon γ (IFNγ), in a transient and dose-dependent manner. In this study, we used the same protocol to evaluate a formulated version of this extract, called Searup ® . Our experiments showed that a single oral administration of this product at the dose recommended for use in the farm, results in heterophils and monocytes activation. In heterophils, activation was evidenced by β-D-glucuronidase release and increased mRNA expression of IL1β, IFNα and IFNγ. In monocytes, the expression of IFNγ and inducible nitrite oxide synthase (iNOS) were also up-regulated. Finally, plasmatic NO increased significantly on day 1, decreased on day 2 and was no longer significant at day 3. A similar pattern was observed for β-D-glucuronidase and for the modifications of the transcription profiles in monocytes as well as in heterophils. The only notable exception is gene transcription of 2'-5' Oligoadenylate Synthase, which is maximal at day 2 in monocytes. Due to its protective role in virus infection, this may constitute an additional layer of protection for this class of pathogens. Together our results show that the formulated solution, Searup ® , similarly to the purified extract allow to activate monocytes and heterophils but with some variations in the cytokines profiles and may provide protection against a larger variety of pathogens.

COVID-19 and Emerging Zoonosis - The Clock is Counting Down: Time for Closer Collaboration between Veterinary and Human Medicine

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) quickly spread from China and crossed international borders. For the first time in this century, the world is facing a nightmare of 2 million deaths due to the respiratory pandemic by January 2021. Most of the emerging or re-emerging pathogens are likely to be zoonotic, and SARS-CoV-2 potentially has an animal origin, a circumstance that is a public health concern and a burden on any country’s economy. Greater awareness and understanding of potential disease promoters and effective disease surveillance systems are crucial for detecting outbreaks of emerging zoonotic diseases as quickly as possible. In order to achieve this goal, there is an urgent need for a One Health approach between human and veterinary medicine. Indeed, the One Health approach, along with all the lessons learned from previous coronavirus threats (SARS- and MERS-CoVs), as well as the advance of science is essential for dealing with emerging zoonosis, including COVID-19. It is urgent to create task forces, networks and all types of collaborations between human and veterinary medicine to prevent future pandemic events.

Use of Canine Olfactory Detection for Covid-19 Testing Study on U.A.E. Trained Detection Dog Sensitivity

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of 21 dogs belonging to different united arab emirate administrations, trained for covid-19 olfactory detection. The study involved 17 explosives detection dogs, two cadaver detection dogs and two dogs with no previous detection training. Training lasted two weeks before starting the validation protocol. Sequential five and seven- cone line-ups were used with axillary sweat samples from 151 symptomatic covid-19 individuals (sars-cov-2 pcr positive) and from 110 asymptomatic covid-19 negative individuals (sars-cov-2 pcr negative). Each line-up had one positive sample and at least one negative sample. The dog had to mark the positive sample, randomly positioned behind one of the cones. The dog, handler and data recorder were blinded to the positive sample location. The calculated overall sensitivities were between 71% and 79% for three dogs, between 83% and 87% for three other dogs and equal to or higher than 90% for the remaining 15 dogs (more than two thirds of the 21 dogs). After calculating the overall sensitivity for each dog using all line- ups, “matched” sensitivities were calculated only including line-ups containing covid-19 positive and negative samples strictly comparable on confounding factors such as diabetes, anosmia, asthma, fever, body pain, diarrhoea, sex, hospital, method of sweat collection and sampling duration. Most of the time, the sensitivities increased after matching. Pandemic conditions in the U.A.E.., associated with the desire to use dogs as an efficient mass-pretesting tool has already led to the operational deployment of the study dogs. Future studies will focus on comparatives fields-test results including the impact of the main covid-19 comorbidities and other respiratory tract infections.

Evaluation of Alterations in Uterine Blood Flow using Doppler Ultrasonography in Pregnant, Genotyped Beef Cows and Heifers Consuming Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue Seeds and Supplemented with Rumen-Protected Niacin

Fescue toxicity is a nutritional-related disease generated in a forage-based beef herd exposed to ergot alkaloids (i.e. ergovaline) present in endophyte-infected tall fescue that produces important economic losses. The combination of a genetic test for susceptibility to fescue toxicity and supplementation with rumen-protected niacin could potentially reduce the toxic effects of ergovaline on beef cow and heifers’ reproductive performance during mid-gestation by improving uterine blood flow. Our main objective was to use color Doppler ultrasonography to evaluate the occurrence of any alteration in uterine arterial blood flow in pregnant, genotyped beef cows and heifers exposed to endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds and supplemented with rumen-protected niacin. We hypothesize that genetically-tested susceptible control beef cows will have narrower uterine arteries and decrease blood flow as compared to tolerant cows that received rumen-protected niacin. Rumen-protected niacin was selected for this study due to its well-known effect as a vasodilator. Therefore, it might help cope with blood vessel constriction generated by ergovaline present in endophyte-infected tall fescue seeds. Results showed the negative effect of exposure to ergovaline in the uterine blood flow of pregnant beef cattle through an increase in the resistivity index. No Doppler parameters detected positive effects of genetic and nutritional treatments.

Sero-Prevalence of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia in Goats in Afgoye District Lower Shabelle Region, Somalia

Background: Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP), caused by Mycoplasma capricolum subsp. Capripneumoniae (Mccp), is one of the most important goat diseases causing high morbidity and mortality, these results in heavy economic losses to countries like Somalia, which is a country affected the civil war of the 1990s. Objective: Generally, the disease presence has been reported in the country. However, there is no quantitative data on the prevalence and distribution of the disease has been scientifically reported in the country. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2019 to June 2020 in three villages of Afgoye district of Somalia to assess the seroprevalence and identify the associated risk factors for the occurrence of the CCPP. The risk factors considered included sex, age, and locations. Results: A total of 100 blood samples were collected and evaluated by Capri-Latex Agglutination Test (Capri-LAT). A total of 49/100 (49%, CI 95%: (38.86%-59.2%) goats were seropositive for anti-CCPP antibody. The epidemiological risk factors considered, sex, age and locations, were not significantly associated with the CCPP sero prevalence (p>0.05). However, the sero positivity was slightly higher in female (51%, 95% CI: 39.8-62.6), >3 years old goats (86.3%, 95% CI: 48.9-87.4) and Markazka village (56%, 95% CI: 41.3-70.0) compared to male (40%, 95% CI: 19.1-63.9), 1-3 years old (57.5%, 95% CI: 40.9- 73.0), and Shareeco (43.8%, 95% CI: 19.8-70.1) and Siinka (41.2%, 95% CI: 24.7-59.3) villages, respectively. Conclusion: The present study indicates the prevalence of CCPP in the studies areas and this requires practicable measures to be put in place towards the control of the disease.

Melatonin Effect on Cryopreserved Sperm Cells of Crioulo Stallions

The freezing/thawing process of spermatozoa can cause cellular damage to the male gamete, decreasing the fertilization potential due to the increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Melatonin is a potent endogenous antioxidant that protects the body against the damage caused by ROS. This study has evaluated different melatonin concentrations on the sperm viability of cryopreserved semen of Crioulo stallions. For that, three ejaculates were collected from five stallions diluted in a commercial extender followed by centrifugation and resuspension in a commercial freezing extender supplemented with 0; 1.25; 2.5. 5mM of Melatonin before the cryopreservation process. After thawing, the evaluation was performed assessing motility and flow cytometry evaluations: the plasma membrane integrity (PI), the integrity of the acrosomal membrane (FITC-PNA), mitochondrial membrane potential (JC1), and ROS generation (DCF-DA). Our results showed that sperm motility in the group without Melatonin and the 1.25mM group did not show the difference; however, the groups 2.5mM and 5mM presented a reduction in sperm motility. The 1.25 mM concentration was able to protect the plasma membrane during the cryopreservation process, in addition to showing a significant reduction in the production of ROS and increasing the percentage of sperm with integral acrosome. It can also be seen that high concentrations of Melatonin did not show beneficial effects. In conclusion, the addition of 1.25 mM of the Melatonin in Crioulo sperm cells showed to have a protective effect on the sperm cell during cryopreservation.

Advantages and Disadvantages of using Food Grate Stainless Steel Rods for Internal Fixation of Femoral Transverse Fractures in Rabbits (Review Study)

The present study designed to focus on the advantages and disadvantages of using food grate stainless steel rods (FGSR) as internal fixation methods for induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of the femoral bones in rabbits.200 cases were collected from 2007 to 2020, all these cases were employed to induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of femoral bone, 100 of them used the rods for internal fixation, 80 of the cases used the rods for fixation the natural xen- bony implantation from sheep or calves, and the others 20 cases used the rods for internal fixation of the synthetics nano bony implantation .The physical, chemical, clinical and radiographic parameters were used for evaluation, the physical and chemical analysis showed that the rods not change during sterilization, implantation or when exposed to different types of ray besides the chemical constant is about the same level measurement of the medical intramedullary pins (IMP), while the clinical observation revealed that the rods can used strongly and successfully for fracture fixation and support the animal to bear the weight, the limb used for walking gradually after 24-48 hours p. o. with some cases shown the FGSR pulled from the bone, other suffer from infection with pus formation with lateral deviation of the stifle joint or re-fracture. While the radiological finding revealed that the FGSR insert and fix the fractures fragment and the bony implantation, the pins seemed stable and fit the intramedullary canal and fracture fragments, while some cases shows that the pin not insert properly inside the femoral bone with case of multible and comminuted fractures, other case shown the FGSR pass and penetrate the stifle joint. The conclusion is, there are many advantages with minor or very little disadvantages for using the FGSR as internal fixation of the induced transverse fractures in the mid shift of the femoral bones and for natural and synthetics bony implantation in rabbits.

Study on Bovine Mastitis under Different Management in Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Areas of Borana Zone, Southern Ethiopia

A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of bovine mastitis, associated potential risk factors and major etiological agents of clinical and sub clinical mastitis under different management condition of pastoral, agro-pastoral, ranch and farm by using California mastitis test and bacteriology. A total of 384 lactating Borana cows in Did-tuyura ranch, Yabello Pastoral and dryland agriculture research center (YPDARC) dairy farm and three districts namely Gomole, Moyale and Yabello of Borana zone were included in the study. The study revealed that overall prevalence of mastitis were 47.4 % (182/384); out of which 12 % (46/384) clinical and 35.4 % (136/384) sub-clinical mastitis whereas prevalence at quarter level was 21.48% (330/1536) of which 3% (46/1536) and 18.48% (284/1536) were clinical and sub-clinical form respectively. From the total examined quarter, 3.5% (53) of quarters had blind quarter. Prevalence in pastoral and agro-pastoral herding system (extensive management system) at cow level and quarter level were 18.9% and 10.9% respectively while prevalence in Did-tuyura ranch and YPDARC dairy farm herding system (semi-intensive) were 20% and 7% at cow level and quarter level respectively. The prevalence of mastitis significantly (P<0.05) differed with parity, stage of lactation and body condition of lactating animals. From 330 California Mastitis Test (CMT) and clinically positive milk samples there was growth of bacteria on culture media observed only in 155 (46.97%). Out of this Staphylococcus aureus accounted for 59 (38.06%) isolates followed by Streptococcus species 33 (21.29%) and Coagulase negative Staphylococcus 30 (19.35%). Due to lack of proper managements of different risk factors major pathogenic microorganisms are isolated. Proper preventive and control strategy, awareness creation on key factors of mastitis, Regular screening and culling of chronically infected cows should be practiced.