Inflammation, depression, and anxiety disorder: A population-based study examining the association between Interleukin-6 and the experiencing of depressive and anxiety symptoms

Background: Depression and anxiety are the two most frequently studied emotional outcomes of stroke. However, few previous studies have been carried out at a population level or beyond 6 months post stroke. The aim of this study was to describe depression and anxiety across the first year following incident ischemic stroke (IS), and identify predictive factors in a population-based study.Method: The Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS) was administered at baseline (within 2 weeks of onset), and again at 1-month, 6-months and 12-months after IS in a sample (N = 365) drawn from a population-based study.Results: Over 75% of those assessed experienced depression or anxiety symptoms below cut-offs for probable disorder across the year post stroke. Moderate to severe symptoms for anxiety were approximately twice as likely (range 4.1%–10.6%) as compared to depression (range 2.5%–5.0%) at each assessment. The greatest improvement in anxiety occurred within the first month post stroke. In contrast, the greatest reduction in depression occurred between 1- to 6-months post stroke.Conclusions: Anxiety symptoms in the moderate to severe range were twice as common as depression, and improved over the first month post stroke, whilst depression symptoms persisted for up to 6 months, indicating a need to target these two issues at different points in the recovery process.

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Migraine with and without Aura: Association with Depression and Anxiety Disorder in a Population-Based Study. The HUNT Study

Cephalalgia ◽

10.1111/j.1468-2982.2005.00974.x ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

KJ Oedegaard ◽

D Neckelmann ◽

A Mykletun ◽

AA Dahl ◽

JA Zwart ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Anxiety Disorder ◽

Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Population Based ◽

Health Study ◽

Depression And Anxiety ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Prevalence Of Depression ◽

New Finding ◽

Hunt Study

Some data indicate that migraine with aura (MA) is more strongly associated with anxiety disorder and depression than migraine without aura (MoA), but the evidence is not conclusive. In the Nord-Trøndelag Health study 1995-1997, a total of 49 205 (75% of the participants) subjects gave valid answers to both HADS (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale) and a validated headache questionnaire. Associations between anxiety disorder/depression and MA/MoA were evaluated by multiple logistic regression analysis. Depression (DEP) [odds ratio (OR) 1.7; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2, 2.6] and depression with comorbid anxiety disorder (COM) (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.2, 2.1) were more likely in women having MA than in those with MoA. No stronger association was found for pure anxiety disorder (ANX) in MA vs. MoA (OR 0.9; 95% CI 0.7, 1.5). Among men, we found no difference in prevalence of depression and anxiety disorders between MA and MoA. This is a new finding that might have relevance for both research and clinical treatment.

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