Post COVID-19 pandemic: Disposable face masks as a potential vector of antibiotics in freshwater and seawater

AbstractListeria monocytogenesis amongst the most intriguing and well studied of the pathogenic bacteria. However, the understanding and perspective one has ofL. monocytogenesdepends to a large extent on the microbiological issues with which one is faced as a part of your professional duties. The focus of the veterinary clinician or investigator is likely to be foremost on the neurologic (circling disease) and reproductive diseasesL. monocytogenescauses. To the food microbiologist, the principal concern is to prevent introduction ofL. monocytogenesinto food products, or to identify its presence and prevent its multiplication to numbers of organisms that are likely to pose a substantial risk to humans who ingest the product. To the cellular immunologist, listeriosis represents a robust murine model that helped to elucidate many important concepts in innate and adaptive immunity, andL. monocytogenesis a potential vector for delivery of novel vaccines. To the student of molecular pathogenesis,L. monocytogenesis a powerful and well-characterized model organism for studying the cellular microbiology of an intracellular pathogen. In this brief overview, I will attempt to highlight some of the classical observations, and contemporary insights, onL. monocytogenesand listeriosis, and integrate these perspectives into a common framework. By so doing, I hope to provide those with one perspective on listeriosis with an appreciation of the broad array of problems and issues faced by those who focus on some other aspect ofL. monocytogenesand its pathogenesis.

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Epidemiology of Lyme Disease

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1155/1991/852310 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 58-60

Author(s):

Dennis J White

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Lyme Disease ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Vector Species ◽

Potential Vector ◽

Public Health Agencies ◽

Laboratory Services ◽

Health Agencies ◽

Surveillance Programs ◽

Risk Of Exposure

Investigation of the epidemiology of Lyme disease depends upon information generated from several sources. Human disease surveillance can be conducted by both passive and active means involving physicians, public health agencies and laboratories. Passive and active tick surveillance programs can document the extent of tick-borne activity, identify the geographic range of potential vector species, and determine the relative risk of exposure to Lyme disease in specific areas. Standardized laboratory services can play an important role in providing data. Epidemiologists can gain a better understanding of Lyme disease through the collection of data from such programs. The interpretation of data and provision of information to the medical and general communities are important functions of public health agencies.

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Questing ixodid ticks on the vegetation of sable antelope and multi-herbivore enclosures in Thabazimbi

Journal of the South African Veterinary Association ◽

10.4102/jsava.v86i1.1243 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 86 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

André C. Uys ◽

Ivan G. Horak ◽

Alan Harrison

Keyword(s):

Species Composition ◽

Ixodid Tick ◽

Tick Control ◽

Ixodid Ticks ◽

Seasonal Abundance ◽

First Year ◽

Potential Vector ◽

The Face ◽

Tick Borne Disease ◽

Grassland Habitats

This survey of ixodid ticks was the first to compare the species composition and population dynamics of free-living ticks in intensive, sable antelope breeding enclosures, now commonplace in commercial wildlife ranching in South Africa, with those of multi-herbivore enclosures. The species composition, abundance and seasonal abundance of questing ixodid ticks on the vegetation in intensive breeding enclosures for sable antelope (Hippotragus niger), on which strategic tick control is practised, were compared with those of ticks in a multi-species herbivore enclosure surrounding the breeding enclosures in which no tick control is practised. A total of eight ixodid tick species were collected by drag-sampling the woodland and grassland habitats in each enclosure type monthly from July 2011 to July 2013. Rhipicephalus decoloratus, a potential vector of fatal tick-borne disease in sable antelopes, was the most abundant, accounting for 65.4% of the total number of ticks collected in the sable enclosures, whilst representing only 25.4% of number of ticks collected in the multi-species herbivore enclosure. Rhipicephalus decoloratus and R. evertsi evertsi were more abundant than R. appendiculatus (both p < 0.05) and Amblyomma hebraeum (p < 0.001 and p < 0.01, respectively). Rhipicephalus decoloratus larvae were collected throughout the year, with peak collections in November 2012 and October to December 2013 in the sable enclosures; and in April/May 2012 and February/April 2013 in the multi-species herbivore enclosure. More R. decoloratus were recovered in the second year than in the first year in the grassland habitat of the sable enclosures (V = 7.0, p < 0.05) possibly as a result of acaricide resistance. The apparent temporal over-abundance of R. decoloratus in sable antelope breeding enclosures, in the face of strategic tick control, is of concern and requires further investigation.

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Global spatial assessment of Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus: a scenario of Zika virus exposure

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268818003102 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 147 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Alberto J. Alaniz ◽

Mario A. Carvajal ◽

Antonella Bacigalupo ◽

Pedro E. Cattan

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Health Planning ◽

Risk Level ◽

Spatially Explicit ◽

World Population ◽

Potential Vector ◽

Risk Zones

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) is an arbovirus transmitted mainly by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Recent scientific evidence on Culex quinquefasciatus has suggested its potential as a vector for ZIKV, which may change the current risk zones. We aimed to quantify the world population potentially exposed to ZIKV in a spatially explicit way, considering the primary vector (A. aegypti) and the potential vector (C. quinquefasciatus). Our model combined species distribution modelling of mosquito species with spatially explicit human population data to estimate ZIKV exposure risk. We estimated the potential global distribution of C. quinquefasciatus and estimated its potential interaction zones with A. aegypti. Then we evaluated the risk zones for ZIKV considering both vectors. Finally, we quantified and compared the people under risk associated with each vector by risk level, country and continent. We found that C. quinquefasciatus had a more temperate distribution until 42° in both hemispheres, while the risk involving A. aegypti is concentrated mainly in tropical latitudes until 35° in both hemispheres. Globally, 4.2 billion people are under risk associated with ZIKV. Around 2.6 billon people are under very high risk associated with C. quinquefasciatus and 1 billion people associated with A. aegypti. Several countries could be exposed to ZIKV, which emphasises the need to clarify the competence of C. quinquefasciatus as a potential vector as soon as possible. The models presented here represent a tool for risk management, public health planning, mosquito control and preventive actions, especially to focus efforts on the most affected areas.

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Unitary vector fields are Fermi–Walker transported along Rytov–Legendre curves

International Journal of Geometric Methods in Modern Physics ◽

10.1142/s021988781550111x ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (10) ◽

pp. 1550111 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Mircea Crasmareanu ◽

Camelia Frigioiu

Keyword(s):

Vector Field ◽

Vector Fields ◽

Killing Vector ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Ricci Soliton ◽

Conformal Killing ◽

Space Forms ◽

Potential Vector ◽

Legendre Curves ◽

Complex Space Forms

Fix ξ a unitary vector field on a Riemannian manifold M and γ a non-geodesic Frenet curve on M satisfying the Rytov law of polarization optics. We prove in these conditions that γ is a Legendre curve for ξ if and only if the γ-Fermi–Walker covariant derivative of ξ vanishes. The cases when γ is circle or helix as well as ξ is (conformal) Killing vector filed or potential vector field of a Ricci soliton are analyzed and an example involving a three-dimensional warped metric is provided. We discuss also K-(para)contact, particularly (para)Sasakian, manifolds and hypersurfaces in complex space forms.

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