Change in cognitively healthy and cognitively impaired life expectancy in the United States: 2000–2010

Despite decades of progress, the future of life expectancy in the United States is uncertain due to widening socioeconomic disparities in mortality, continued disparities in mortality across racial/ethnic groups, and an increase in extrinsic causes of death. These trends prompt us to scrutinize life expectancy in a high-income but enormously unequal society like the United States, where social factors determine who is most able to maximize their biological lifespan. After reviewing evidence for biodemographic perspectives on life expectancy, the uneven diffusion of health-enhancing innovations throughout the population, and the changing nature of threats to population health, we argue that sociology is optimally positioned to lead discourse on the future of life expectancy. Given recent trends, sociologists should emphasize the importance of the social determinants of life expectancy, redirecting research focus away from extending extreme longevity and toward research on social inequality with the goal of improving population health for all. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 47 is July 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

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Does Patient Life Expectancy (LE) Affect Receipt of Routine Cancer Screening in the United States? A Population-based Study

International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics ◽

10.1016/j.ijrobp.2012.07.117 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 84 (3) ◽

pp. S122

Author(s):

T. Royce ◽

L.H. Hendrix ◽

W.A. Stokes ◽

I.M. Allen ◽

R.C. Chen

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

The United States ◽

Population Based ◽

Population Based Study

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A Twenty-First Century Demographic Challenge: Comparatively Low Life Expectancy in the United States

Low Fertility Regimes and Demographic and Societal Change ◽

10.1007/978-3-319-64061-7_4 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 49-71 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard G. Rogers ◽

Elizabeth M. Lawrence ◽

Robert A. Hummer

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

The United States ◽

First Century ◽

Twenty First Century ◽

Demographic Challenge

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Abstract MP017: Television Viewing and Life Expectancy in the United States

Circulation ◽

10.1161/circ.125.suppl_10.amp017 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 125 (suppl_10) ◽

Author(s):

Peter T Katzmarzyk ◽

I-Min Lee

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Cohort Studies ◽

Prospective Cohort ◽

Television Viewing ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Sedentary Behaviors ◽

Prospective Cohort Studies ◽

All Cause Mortality

Introduction: Sedentary behaviors such as television viewing are ubiquitous in modern society. Several prospective studies have demonstrated an association between television viewing and incident obesity and type 2 diabetes as well as cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. Hypothesis: We tested the null hypothesis that television viewing has no impact on life expectancy in the United States. Methods: A prevalence-based cause-deleted methodology was used to estimate the gains in life expectancy in the population that would be expected under current mortality patterns if television viewing was eliminated as a potential risk factor in the United States. The population attributable fraction (PAF, calculated using adjusted relative risk (RR) = ∑P(RR-1/RR)) was computed from the RR of all-cause mortality associated with television viewing (2–3.9 h and ≥4 h versus < 2 h) obtained from a meta-analysis of available prospective cohort studies, and the estimated case prevalence (P) of television viewing obtained from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005–06) and the prospective cohort studies. The resulting PAF was applied to mortality rates among 18+ year olds living in the United States and an abridged life table analysis was used to estimate the potential gains in life expectancy. Results: Three prospective cohort studies contributed data to the meta-analysis, yielding summary RR estimates for all-cause mortality of 1.17 (95% CI: 1.04 – 1.32) and 1.49 (95% CI: 1.22–1.82) for 2–3.9 h and ≥4 h of television viewing versus <2 h, respectively. The estimated case prevalences of television viewing in the U.S. population were 23.8%, 45.7% and 37.2% for <2 h, 2–3.9 h and ≥4 h of television viewing, respectively. The estimated gain in life expectancy in the US population associated with television viewing was 1.38 years. The lower and upper limits from a sensitivity analysis which involved simultaneously varying the estimates of RR (using the upper and lower bounds of the 95% CI) and the prevalence of television viewing (± 20%) were 0.48 years and 2.50 years. Conclusions: Reducing sedentary behaviors such as television viewing has the potential to increase life expectancy in the United States.

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Aortic Valvular Disease

Coronary and Cardiothoracic Critical Care ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-8185-7.ch019 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 385-414

Author(s):

Eric Leo Sarin ◽

Vinod H. Thourani

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Aortic Valve ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

Elderly Patients ◽

Aortic Valve Disease ◽

The Elderly ◽

The United States ◽

Degenerative Disease ◽

Valve Disease ◽

Valvular Stenosis

Broadly speaking, pathology is categorized as being primarily related to valvular stenosis (AS) or regurgitation (AR), but a diseased valve may often exhibit both. The predilection of degenerative disease of the aortic valve, particularly stenosis, for the elderly has resulted in a steadily increasing prevalence as the population ages. As general life expectancy increases in the United States and other western countries, surgery to correct aortic valve disease will increase. As more elderly patients with more comorbidities present for surgery their intraoperative and perioperative care will become more complex. This chapter discusses ways for the practicing intensivist to facilitate identification and treatment in the immediate peri-operative period.

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What Went Wrong with the American Dream?

The Free-Market Family ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190055479.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 3-18

Author(s):

Maxine Eichner

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

United States ◽

Academic Achievement ◽

Life Expectancy ◽

American Dream ◽

Well Being ◽

The United States ◽

Family Ties ◽

American Children ◽

Deaths Of Despair

This chapter considers a number of indicators relating to the well-being of American children and adults in order to examine the extent to which the American Dream is fulfilling its promise. For children, it considers levels of happiness, academic achievement, mental health, and economic mobility. For adults, it considers happiness, mental health, and life expectancy (including the rise of “deaths of despair”). All these indicators show that the United States is failing radically with respect to both children’s and adults’ well-being. These results are not surprising, the last section of the chapter shows, when we take into account the health of the nation’s families. Neither adults nor children can thrive without sound family ties. Yet indicators show that American families are in bad shape, and in considerably worse shape than families in other countries.

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