scholarly journals Modeling the impact of supra-structural network nodes: The case of anonymous syringe sharing and HIV among people who inject drugs

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 624-636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsey Richardson ◽  
Thomas Grund
Keyword(s):  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Syringe Sharing ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Structural Network ◽  
The Impact

The impact of subway operation on urban traffic: A GRA-BNs based study

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Lixin Yan ◽  
Tao Zeng ◽  
Yubing Xiong ◽  
Zhenyun Li ◽  
Qingmei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Networks ◽  
Operating Characteristic ◽  
Urban Traffic ◽  
Relational Analysis ◽  
Traffic Security ◽  
Structural Network ◽  
Random Decision Forest ◽  
Roc Area ◽  
Grey Relational ◽  
The Impact

With the development of urbanization, urban traffic has exposed many problems. To study the subway’s influence on urban traffic, this paper collects data on traffic indicators in Nanchang from 2008 to 2018. The research is carried out from three aspects: traffic accessibility, green traffic, and traffic security. First, Grey Relational Analysis is used to select 18 traffic indicators correlated with the subway from 22 traffic indicators. Second, the data is discretized and learned based on Bayesian Networks to construct the structural network of the subway’s influence. Third, to verify the reliability of using GRA and the effectiveness of Bayesian Networks (GRA-BNs), Bayesian Networks with full indicators analysis and other four algorithms (Naive Bayes, Random Decision Forest, Logistic and regression) are employed for comparison. Moreover, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area, true positive (TP) rate, false positive (FP) rate, precision, recall, F-measure, and accuracy are utilized for comparing each situation. The result shows that GRA-BNs is the most effective model to study the impact of the subway’s operation on urban traffic. Then, the dependence relations between the subway and each index are analyzed by the conditional probability tables (CPTs). Finally, according to the analysis, some suggestions are put forward.

scholarly journals High levels of used syringe use and unsafe sex among people who inject drugs in Kumasi, Ghana: an urgent call for a comprehensive harm reduction approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa J. Messersmith ◽  
Rose Adjei ◽  
Jennifer Beard ◽  
Angela R. Bazzi ◽  
Joel J. Earlywine ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Harm Reduction ◽  
Population Size ◽  
Sex Workers ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Syringe Sharing ◽  
Unsafe Sex ◽  
Lack Of Information ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
Major Drug

Abstract Background Drug use is a growing concern in Ghana. People who inject drugs (PWID) are highly vulnerable to HIV and other infectious diseases. Ghana’s National Strategic Plan for HIV/AIDS 2016–2020 identifies PWID as a key population, but efforts to address the needs of PWID have lagged behind those targeting sex workers and men who have sex with men. Lack of information about PWID is a critical barrier to implementing effective HIV prevention and treatment. We aimed to learn more about the vulnerability of the PWID population in order to inform much-needed harm reduction interventions. Methods From April to July 2018, we conducted a mixed methods study in Kumasi, Ghana, to identify all major drug using locations, count the numbers of PWID to obtain rough population size estimations, and administer anonymous surveys to 221 PWID regarding drug use and sexual behavior. We also tested for HIV, HCV, and HBV from syringes used by survey participants. Results Key informants identified five major drug using locations and estimated the total PWID population size to be between 600 and 2000. Enumerators counted between 35 and 61 individuals present at each of the five bases. Sharing syringes and reusing discarded syringes are common practices. Over half of survey participants (59%) reported past-month syringe sharing (34% used a used syringe and 52% gave away a used syringe). Individuals with higher injection frequency (≥ 21 times weekly) and who injected with four or more people had higher odds of syringe sharing. Of the survey participants reporting sex in the last month (23%), most reported having one partner, but only 12% used condoms. Nearly all women (11/13) reported exchanging sex for drugs and 6/13 reported exchanging sex for money in the last six months. Fifteen percent of participants (all men) reported paying for sex using drugs or money. Of the used syringes, prevalence estimates were 3% (HIV), 2% (HCV), and 9% (HBV). Conclusions Our findings confirm the urgent need to implement harm reduction interventions targeting PWID and to build a strong and enabling legal and policy environment in Ghana to support these efforts.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of hemispheric structural network change as a function of location and size of glioma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shawn D’Souza ◽  
Lisa Hirt ◽  
David R Ormond ◽  
John A Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Temporal Lobe ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Structural Network ◽  
Tumour Location ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tractography Data ◽  
Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography

Abstract Gliomas are neoplasms that arise from glial cell origin and represent the largest fraction of primary malignant brain tumours (77%). These highly infiltrative malignant cell clusters modify brain structure and function through expansion, invasion and intratumoral modification. Depending on the growth rate of the tumour, location and degree of expansion, functional reorganization may not lead to overt changes in behaviour despite significant cerebral adaptation. Studies in simulated lesion models and in patients with stroke reveal both local and distal functional disturbances, using measures of anatomical brain networks. Investigations over the last two decades have sought to use diffusion tensor imaging tractography data in the context of intracranial tumours to improve surgical planning, intraoperative functional localization, and post-operative interpretation of functional change. In this study, we used diffusion tensor imaging tractography to assess the impact of tumour location on the white matter structural network. To better understand how various lobe localized gliomas impact the topology underlying efficiency of information transfer between brain regions, we identified the major alterations in brain network connectivity patterns between the ipsilesional versus contralesional hemispheres in patients with gliomas localized to the frontal, parietal or temporal lobe. Results were indicative of altered network efficiency and the role of specific brain regions unique to different lobe localized gliomas. This work draws attention to connections and brain regions which have shared structural susceptibility in frontal, parietal and temporal lobe glioma cases. This study also provides a preliminary anatomical basis for understanding which affected white matter pathways may contribute to preoperative patient symptomology.

scholarly journals Modelling the impact of a national scale-up of interventions on hepatitis C virus transmission among people who inject drugs in Scotland

Addiction ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 113 (11) ◽  
pp. 2118-2131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Fraser ◽  
Christinah Mukandavire ◽  
Natasha K. Martin ◽  
David Goldberg ◽  
Norah Palmateer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
National Scale ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus Transmission

scholarly journals Frequent Cannabis Use and Cessation of Injection of Opioids, Vancouver, Canada, 2005–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 110 (10) ◽  
pp. 1553-1560 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hudson Reddon ◽  
Kora DeBeck ◽  
M. Eugenia Socias ◽  
Stephanie Lake ◽  
Huiru Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Rate ◽  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cannabis Use ◽  
Opioid Overdose ◽  
Cox Regression Analysis ◽  
Prospective Cohorts ◽  
Injection Cessation ◽  
The Impact

Objectives. To evaluate the impact of frequent cannabis use on injection cessation and injection relapse among people who inject drugs (PWID). Methods. Three prospective cohorts of PWID from Vancouver, Canada, provided the data for these analyses. We used extended Cox regression analysis with time-updated covariates to analyze the association between cannabis use and injection cessation and injection relapse. Results. Between 2005 and 2018, at-least-daily cannabis use was associated with swifter rates of injection cessation (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03, 1.30). A subanalysis revealed that this association was only significant for opioid injection cessation (AHR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.12, 1.41). At-least-daily cannabis use was not significantly associated with injection relapse (AHR = 1.08; 95% CI = 0.95, 1.23). Conclusions. We observed that at-least-daily cannabis use was associated with a 16% increase in the hazard rate of injection cessation, and this effect was restricted to the cessation of injection opioids. This finding is encouraging given the uncertainty surrounding the impact of cannabis policies on PWID during the ongoing opioid overdose crisis in many settings in the United States and Canada.

Incarceration of People who inject Drugs – Modelling its Role in HCV Transmission and the Impact of Scaled-Up HCV Treatment in Prisons

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. S811
Author(s):  
J. Stone ◽  
N.K. Martin ◽  
M. Hickman ◽  
S. Hutchinson ◽  
E. Aspinall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
People Who Inject Drugs ◽  
Hcv Treatment ◽  
Hcv Transmission ◽  
The Impact
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