Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: Accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types

2015 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 145-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra J. Snowden ◽  
Tina L. Freiburger
Keyword(s):  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets

scholarly journals The Relationship Between Alcohol Beverage Types and Violence

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-200
Author(s):  
Aleksandra J. Snowden
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Observation Instrument ◽  
Beverage Type ◽  
Social Observation ◽  
Ecological Association ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship

There is substantial evidence of an ecological association between off-premise alcohol outlets and violence. We know less, however, about how specific beverage types that are sold in the outlets might explain the difference in violence rates across different alcohol outlets. Data on alcohol beverage types were collected for all off-premise alcohol outlets in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, using a systematic social observation instrument. Spatially lagged regression models were estimated to determine whether the variation in alcohol beverage types is related to robbery density net of important neighborhood predictors of crime rates. Availability of all alcohol beverage types (beer, wine, spirits, premixed, single beer, single spirits, single premixed) was positively associated with the density of robberies, net of neighborhood characteristics. Reducing alcohol beverages, regardless of the beverage type, sold at off-premise alcohol outlets may reduce violence in communities.

Spatiotemporal patterns of alcohol outlets and violence: A spatially heterogeneous Markov chain analysis

2020 ◽  
pp. 239980832096556
Author(s):  
Ran Wei ◽  
Tony H Grubesic ◽  
Wei Kang
Keyword(s):  
Markov Chain ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
The United States ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Outlet Density

Alcohol-related violence remains a serious social and public health problem in the United States. A large corpus of work suggests a positive statistical relationship between alcohol outlet density and violence. However, questions remain as to how neighborhood violence evolves in response to varying access to alcohol outlets. This paper introduces an approach for analyzing the spatial and temporal dynamics of violence and its association with alcohol outlets by embedding the evolution of assault events and outlet density within a spatially heterogeneous Markov chain framework. This framework enables the exploration of spatiotemporal dynamics of alcohol outlets and violence and controls for potentially confounding impacts and spatial heterogeneity. Using a case study at the block group level in Seattle, Washington, the results of this paper suggest that violence is spatially heterogeneous at the local level and locations with sparsely distributed alcohol outlets are less likely to see an increase in violence when compared to areas with higher densities of outlets. Further, the modeling approach helps identify locations that might “tip” into more violent conditions if more outlets were allowed to operate. This paper concludes with a brief discussion of how the methods and results can help improve the management, licensing, and policy development for alcohol outlets in a community.

scholarly journals Neighborhood Characteristics Associated with the Availability of Alcohol Outlets in Quebec, Canada

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
André Ngamini Ngui ◽  
Philippe Apparicio ◽  
Mathieu Philibert ◽  
Marie-Josée Fleury
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Spatial Accessibility ◽  
Quebec City ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Alcohol Outlet Density ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Video Lottery ◽  
Video Lottery Terminals ◽  
Neighborhood Level

Objectives. The objectives of this study were to examine the spatial accessibility to alcohol outlets in Quebec and to assess the association between neighborhood level characteristics and availability of alcohol outlets.Methods. The Tobit Model was used to assess the association between neighborhood level characteristics and the availability of alcohol outlets within 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 metres, respectively.Results. Alcohol outlets were found to be most available in the two largest metropolitan areas of the province of Quebec (Montréal and Québec City). Within 1000 metres, alcohol outlets are more available in neighbourhoods with the following characteristics: highest concentration of men, least materially deprived highest concentration of persons aged 20 years or more, and location either in a metropolitan area or in a small town. Finally, the number of bars with video lottery terminals increases with the level of social and material deprivation.Conclusion. In Québec, there is no rule governing the location of alcohol outlets. Thus, there is an abundant literature indicating that the regulation of alcohol outlet density could be an effective means of controlling risk attributable to alcohol consumption.

scholarly journals Development and evaluation of the OHCITIES instrument: assessing alcohol urban environments in the Heart Healthy Hoods project

BMJ Open ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e017362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xisca Sureda ◽  
Albert Espelt ◽  
Joan R Villalbí ◽  
Alba Cebrecos ◽  
Lucía Baranda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Urban Environments ◽  
Secondary Outcome ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Test Retest Reliability

ObjectivesTo describe the development and test–retest reliability of OHCITIES, an instrument characterising alcohol urban environment in terms of availability, promotion and signs of consumption.DesignThis study involved: (1) developing the conceptual framework for alcohol urban environment by means of literature reviewing and previous alcohol environment research experience; (2) pilot testing and redesigning the instrument; (3) instrument digitalisation; (4) instrument evaluation using test–retest reliability.SettingData for testing the reliability of the instrument were collected in seven census sections in Madrid in 2016 by two observers.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe computed per cent agreement and Cohen’s kappa coefficients to estimate inter-rater and test–retest reliability for alcohol outlet environment measures. We calculated interclass coefficients and their 95% CIs to provide a measure of inter-rater reliability for signs of alcohol consumption measures.ResultsWe collected information on 92 on-premise and 24 off-premise alcohol outlets identified in the studied areas about availability, accessibility and promotion of alcohol. Most per cent-agreement values for alcohol measures in on-premise and off-premise alcohol outlets were greater than 80%, and inter-rater and test–retest reliability values were generally above 0.80. Observers identified 26 streets and 3 public squares with signs of alcohol consumption. Intraclass correlation coefficient between observers for any type of signs of alcohol consumption was 0.50 (95% CI −0.09 to 0.77). Few items promoting alcohol unrelated to alcohol outlets were found on public spaces.ConclusionsThe OHCITIES instrument is a reliable instrument to characterise alcohol urban environment. This instrument might be used to understand how alcohol environment associates with alcohol behaviours and its related health outcomes, and can help in the design and evaluation of policies to reduce the harm caused by alcohol.

Social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders: a 7-year first-contact incidence study

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (9) ◽  
pp. 1789-1798 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Veling ◽  
E. Susser ◽  
J.-P. Selten ◽  
H. W. Hoek
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Study ◽  
Residential Mobility ◽  
Voter Turnout ◽  
Social Disorganization ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Neighborhood Characteristics ◽  
Economic Level ◽  
Single Person ◽  
First Contact ◽  
Incident Cases

BackgroundEnvironmental factors such as urban birth and ethnic minority position have been related to risk for psychotic disorders. There is some evidence that not only individual, but also neighborhood characteristics influence this risk. The aim of this study was to investigate social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders.MethodThe research was a 7-year first-contact incidence study of psychotic disorders in The Hague. Neighborhood characteristics included continuous, dichotomous and cumulative measures of socio-economic level, residential mobility, ethnic diversity, proportion of single person households, voter turnout, population density and crime level. Using multilevel Poisson regression analysis, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of psychotic disorders were calculated for the indicators of neighborhood social disorganization.ResultsA total of 618 incident cases were identified. Neighborhood socio-economic level and residential mobility had the strongest association with incidence of psychotic disorders [individual-level adjusted Wald χ21 = 13.03 (p = 0.0003) and 5.51 (p = 0.02), respectively]. All but one (proportion of single person households) of the dichotomous neighborhood indicators were significantly associated with a higher IRR. The cumulative degree of neighborhood social disorganization was strongly and linearly associated with the incidence of psychotic disorders (trend test, Wald χ25 = 25.76, p = 0.0001). The IRR in neighborhoods with the highest degree of social disorganization was 1.95 (95% CI 1.38–2.75) compared with the lowest disorganization category.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that the risk for developing a psychotic disorder is higher for people living in socially disorganized environments. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate causality.

scholarly journals Human mobility data and machine learning reveal geographic differences in alcohol sales and alcohol outlet visits across U.S. states during COVID-19

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0255757
Author(s):  
Yingjie Hu ◽  
Brian M. Quigley ◽  
Dane Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Alcohol Use ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Mobility Data ◽  
Liquor Stores ◽  
Surveillance Report ◽  
Geographic Differences ◽  
Alcohol Sales

As many U.S. states implemented stay-at-home orders beginning in March 2020, anecdotes reported a surge in alcohol sales, raising concerns about increased alcohol use and associated ills. The surveillance report from the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism provides monthly U.S. alcohol sales data from a subset of states, allowing an investigation of this potential increase in alcohol use. Meanwhile, anonymized human mobility data released by companies such as SafeGraph enables an examination of the visiting behavior of people to various alcohol outlets such as bars and liquor stores. This study examines changes to alcohol sales and alcohol outlet visits during COVID-19 and their geographic differences across states. We find major increases in the sales of spirits and wine since March 2020, while the sales of beer decreased. We also find moderate increases in people’s visits to liquor stores, while their visits to bars and pubs substantially decreased. Noticing a significant correlation between alcohol sales and outlet visits, we use machine learning models to examine their relationship and find evidence in some states for likely panic buying of spirits and wine. Large geographic differences exist across states, with both major increases and decreases in alcohol sales and alcohol outlet visits.

It Is More Than Just Alcohol: A Criminological Perspective on Routine Drinking Activities, Opportunity, and Alcohol-Related Crashes

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 718-738
Author(s):  
Richard Stringer ◽  
Garland White ◽  
Randy Gainey ◽  
Ruth Triplett
Keyword(s):  
Regression Models ◽  
Routine Activities Theory ◽  
Driving Under The Influence ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Alcohol Availability ◽  
Community System ◽  
Census Tract Level ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Criminological Perspective

This project expands on the “routine drinking activities” perspective by examining alcohol outlets, alcohol-related crashes, and theoretically derived contextual measures. Using census tract–level data from two U.S. cities, we draw on the prevention literature and routine activities theory to develop measures of alcohol availability and context. Spatially lagged regression models examined both direct and conditional relationships between alcohol outlets and alcohol-related crashes. Results indicate that the alcohol outlet and crash relationship was moderated by contextual factors (e.g., driving under the influence [DUI] enforcement and environmental hazards). Thus, alcohol availability may be just a part of a broader community system that affects the opportunity for alcohol-related crashes to occur.

scholarly journals Alcohol Outlet Density and Deprivation in Six Towns in Bergrivier Municipality before and after Legislative Restrictions

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasmin Bowers ◽  
Adlai Davids ◽  
Leslie London
Keyword(s):  
Hot Spot ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Alcohol Outlet ◽  
Alcohol Outlets ◽  
Alcohol Outlet Density ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Outlet Density ◽  
Total Alcohol ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Deprived Areas

Introduction. In 2016, after the Western Cape Liquor Act was enacted, alcohol outlets were mapped in the six towns from a previous 2008 study to determine: (1) alcohol outlet density; (2) the association between deprivation and alcohol outlet density; (3) geospatial trends of alcohol outlet densities; and (4) the impact of alcohol legislation. Methods. Latitude and longitude coordinates were collected of legal and illegal alcohol outlets, and alcohol outlet density was calculated for legal, illegal and total alcohol outlets by km2 and per 1000 persons. To determine the impact of legislation, t-tests and hot spot analyses were calculated for both 2008 and 2016 studies. Spearman coefficients estimated the relationship between alcohol outlet density and deprivation. Results. Although not statistically significant, the number of alcohol outlets and the density per 1000 population declined by about 12% and 34%, respectively. Illegal outlets were still more likely to be located in more deprived areas, and legal outlets in less deprived areas; and a reduction or addition of a few outlets can change a town’s hot spot status. Conclusions. Further studies with larger sample sizes might help to clarify the impacts of the Liquor Act, and the more recent 2017 Alcohol-Related Harms Reduction Policy on alcohol outlet density in the province.

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