“The liability of newness” revisited: Theoretical restatement and empirical testing in emergent organizations

2017 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 36-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiantian Yang ◽  
Howard E. Aldrich
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Emergent Organizations

scholarly journals From Abbott Thayer to the present day: what have we learned about the function of countershading?

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1516) ◽  
pp. 519-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah M Rowland
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Work ◽  
Quantitative Measure ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Colour Pattern ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Background Matching ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
Subjective Evidence ◽  
The Many

Of the many visual characteristics of animals, countershading (darker pigmentation on those surfaces exposed to the most lighting) is one of the most common, and paradoxically one of the least well understood. Countershading has been hypothesized to reduce the detectability of prey to visually hunting predators, and while the function of a countershaded colour pattern was proposed over 100 years ago, the field has progressed slowly; convincing evidence for the protective effects of countershading has only recently emerged. Several mechanisms have been invoked for the concealing function of countershading and are discussed in this review, but the actual mechanisms by which countershading functions to reduce attacks by predators lack firm empirical testing. While there is some subjective evidence that countershaded animals match the background on which they rest, no quantitative measure of background matching has been published for countershaded animals; I now present the first such results. Most studies also fail to consider plausible alternative explanations for the colour pattern, such as protection from UV or abrasion, and thermoregulation. This paper examines the evidence to support each of these possible explanations for countershading and discusses the need for future empirical work.

scholarly journals Share Contract Revisited: A New Transaction Cost Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Ding ◽  
Yixiao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Transaction Cost ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Theoretical Explanation ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Cost Approach ◽  
Satisfactory Answer ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to explore how sharecropping contracts are chosen over fixed-rent contracts. There are two concerning issues. First, theoretical explanation has been criticized for not providing a satisfactory answer to the question as to why share contracts are chosen. Second, among the existing empirical studies, there are great controversies about the impact of variance of output. Inspired by the latest insights from (Cheung, S. N. S. 2014. Economic Explanation. Hong Kong: Arcadia Press.), this paper not only provides an explanation for the choice of share contract that is suitable for empirical testing, but also solves the puzzle over variance of output.

Mixed Judicial Selection and Constitutional Review: Evidence from Spain

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-27
Author(s):  
Nuno Garoupa ◽  
Marian Gili ◽  
Fernando Gómez Pomar
Keyword(s):  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Judicial Selection ◽  
Constitutional Review

Spanish Constitutional Court – Judicial behaviour – Mixed judicial selection – Empirical testing – Decisions of the Spanish Constitutional Court, 1980-2018 – Judicial background – Government – Senate – Congress – Spanish Judicial Council – Invalidation of statutes –Dissent opinions – Shaping politicisation.

Defining and conceptualizing news literacy

Journalism ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 146488492110058
Author(s):  
Melissa Tully ◽  
Adam Maksl ◽  
Seth Ashley ◽  
Emily K Vraga ◽  
Stephanie Craft
Keyword(s):  
Mass Communication ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
News Production ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Flexible Approach ◽  
Production Distribution ◽  
News Literacy ◽  
Definition Of

Interest in news literacy inside and outside the academy has grown alongside related concerns about the quality of news and information available. Attempts to fully define, explicate and operationalize news literacy, however, are scattered. Drawing on literature across journalism and mass communication, we propose a definition of news literacy that combines knowledge of news production, distribution and consumption with skills that help audiences assert control over their relationship with news. We propose that knowledge and skills should be conceptualized across five domains: context, creation, content, circulation and consumption. This explication offers a clear, concise and cohesive path for research about news literacy, especially empirical testing to evaluate news literacy and its effectiveness in contributing to relevant behaviours. This framework also offers a consistent, yet flexible, approach to measuring news literacy across diverse contexts.

Proving and Disproving Materiality of Deceptive Advertising Claims

1992 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jef I. Richards ◽  
Ivan L. Preston
Keyword(s):  
Recent Case ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Legal Requirement ◽  
Deceptive Advertising

To be regulated by the FTC, an advertising claim must be both deceptive and material. Much attention and research has been directed to deception, but almost no study has been done on materiality. However, a recent case has highlighted the need for better understanding of this legal requirement. The authors explore the genesis and evolution of the materiality standard explain the pitfalls awaiting advertisers who try to prove their claims immaterial, and outline several considerations for empirical testing of advertisements.

Factors that Impede or Facilitate Post-Conflict Justice Mechanisms?

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn L. Rothe ◽  
Scott Maggard
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Power Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Post Conflict

This article provides an overview of post-conflict justice (PCJ) as well as a detailed analysis of factors that impede or facilitate the implementation of mechanisms to address the atrocities of a conflict. Grounded in an extensive new dataset, developed over the past three years, covering all conflicts in Africa between 1946 and 2009, we extend previous research by including empirical testing of previously untested assumptions and variables impacting PCJ, most notably, the role of power, politics, economics, and geo-strategic interests at the state and international political levels as well as combining previously tested variables amongst and between each other. Further, the aspects of PCJ, including conflicts where mechanisms were not deployed are included in the analysis along with those coded as symbolic in nature. We conclude by discussing the pragmatic issues associated with testing the concept of realpolitik and policy implications based on our analysis.

scholarly journals Deficits of Affect Mentalization in Patients with Drug Addiction: Theoretical and Clinical Aspects

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetoslav Savov ◽  
Nikola Atanassov
Keyword(s):  
Borderline Personality Disorder ◽  
Personality Disorder ◽  
Drug Addiction ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Complex Form ◽  
Borderline Personality ◽  
Clinical Aspects ◽  
Empirical Testing ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Psychodynamically Oriented

Traditionally treated with wariness, drug addictions have provoked a serious interest in psychodynamically oriented clinicians in recent decades. This paper discusses the development of contemporary psychodynamic conceptualizations of addictions, focusing specifically on mentalization-based theories. The concept of mentalization refers to a complex form of self-regulation which includes attribution of psychological meaning to one’s own behavior and affective states, as well as those of the others. We hypothesize that drug-addicted patients have severe impairments in mentalizing, associated with developmental deficits, characteristic for the borderline personality disorder and psychosomatic conditions. Psychodynamic models of mentalization and their corresponding research operationalizations are reviewed, and implications for a contemporary understanding of drug addictions and psychotherapy are drawn. The authors propose that mentalization-oriented theories provide an adequate conceptualization, which is open to empirical testing and has clear and pragmatic guidelines for treatment.

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