Distribution and linkage of domoic acid (amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins) in subcellular fractions of the digestive gland of the scallop Pecten maximus

Toxicon ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 55 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aida Mauriz ◽  
Juan Blanco
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Subcellular Fractions ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

scholarly journals Characterization of the Domoic Acid Uptake Mechanism of the Mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) Digestive Gland

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 458
Author(s):  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Carmen Mariño ◽  
Helena Martín ◽  
Gonzalo Álvarez ◽  
Araceli E. Rossignoli
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Mytilus Galloprovincialis ◽  
Metabolic Inhibitor ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

Cultures of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis are frequently affected by accumulation of the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin domoic acid (DA). This species is characterized by a fast uptake and release of the toxin. In this work, the main characteristics of the uptake mechanism have been studied by incubation of digestive gland thin slices in media with different composition and DA concentration. DA uptake seems to follow Michaelis–Menten kinetics, with a very high estimated KM (1722 µg DA mL−1) and a Vmax of 71.9 µg DA g−1 h−1, which is similar to those found for other amino acids in invertebrates. Replacement of NaCl from the incubation media by Cl-choline (Na+-free medium) did not significantly reduce the uptake, but replacement by sorbitol (Na+-free and Cl−-depleted medium) did. A new experiment replacing all chlorides with their equivalent gluconates (Na+- and Cl−-free medium) showed an important reduction in the uptake that should be attributed to the absence of chloride, pointing to a Na+-independent, Cl− (or anion-) dependent transporter. In media with Na+ and Cl−, neither decreasing the pH nor adding cyanide (a metabolic inhibitor) had significant effect on DA uptake, suggesting that the transport mechanism is not H+- or ATP-dependent. In a chloride depleted medium, lowering pH or adding CN increased the uptake, suggesting that other anions could, at least partially, substitute chloride.

scholarly journals Distribution of Domoic Acid in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop Pecten maximus

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 371
Author(s):  
Juan Blanco ◽  
Aida Mauríz ◽  
Gonzalo Álvarez
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Small Cells ◽  
Intestinal Loop ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Long Time

The king scallop Pecten maximus retains the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (DA), for a long time. Most of the toxin is accumulated in the digestive gland, but this organ contains several cell types whose contribution to the accumulation of the toxin is unknown. Determining the time-course of the depuration by analyzing whole organs is difficult because the inter-individual variability is high. A sampling method, using biopsies of the digestive gland, has been developed. This method allows for repetitive sampling of the same scallop, but the representativeness of the samples obtained in this way needs to be validated. In this work, we found that the distribution of DA in the digestive gland of the scallops is mostly homogeneous. Only the area closest to the gonad, and especially its outer portion, had a lower concentration than the other ones, probably due to a transfer of the toxin to the intestinal loop. Samples obtained by biopsies can therefore be considered to be representative. Most of the toxin was accumulated in large cells (mostly digestive cells), which could be due to differences during the toxin absorption or to the preferential depuration of the toxin from the small cells (mostly secretory).

scholarly journals Determination and Confirmation of the Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Toxin, Domoic Acid, in Shellfish from Scotland by Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1657-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Hess ◽  
Susan Gallacher ◽  
Lesley A Bates ◽  
Nigel Brown ◽  
Michael A Quilliam
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mussel Tissue ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Strong Anion Exchange ◽  
Array Detection

Abstract During 1998 and early 1999, shellfish samples from sites in Scotland were found to contain the amnesic shellfish poisoning toxin, domoic acid (DA). Two different techniques, liquid chromatography (LC) with UV diode-array detection and LC with mass spectrometric (MS) detection, were used to detect and confirm DA in shellfish extracts. The LC/UV method was validated for routine monitoring by recovery experiments on spiked mussel and scallop tissues with a certified mussel tissue used as reference material. Crude extracts of selected samples as well as extracts cleaned with strong anion exchange (SAX) were analyzed by both LC/UV and LC/MS. Good correlation (linear regression r2 = 0.996, slope = 0.93) between the 2 methods was found for cleaned extracts. Analyses of crude extracts by LC/UV produced false-positive results in 2 crab samples, whereas LC/MS analyses gave accurate results. It was concluded that LC/UV is a valid approach for routine monitoring of DA in shellfish when cleanup is performed with a SAX cartridge to prevent false positives. A variety of shellfish species were surveyed for DA content, including Pecten maximus (king scallops), Chlamys opercularis (queen scallop), Mytilus edulis (blue mussels), Cancer pugaris (crab), and Ensis ensis (razor fish). The highest concentration of DA was 105 μg/g in Pecten maximus.

scholarly journals Rapid Domoic Acid Depuration in the Scallop Argopecten purpuratus and Its Transfer from the Digestive Gland to Other Organs

Toxins ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 698
Author(s):  
Gonzalo Álvarez ◽  
José Rengel ◽  
Michael Araya ◽  
Francisco Álvarez ◽  
Roberto Pino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Small Decrease ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Argopecten Purpuratus ◽  
The One ◽  
Best Fit

Domoic acid (DA), the main toxin responsible for Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning, frequently affects the marine resources of Chile and other countries across the South Pacific, thus becoming a risk for human health. One of the affected resources is the scallop Argopecten purpuratus. Even though this species has a high commercial importance in Northern Chile and Peru, the characteristics of its DA depuration are not known. In this work, the DA depuration was studied by means of two experiments: one in controlled (laboratory) and another in natural conditions. All organs of A. purpuratus depurated the toxin very quickly in both experiments. In some organs, an increase or a very small decrease of toxin was detected in the early depuration steps. Several models were used to describe this kinetics. The one that included toxin transfer between organs and independent depuration from each organ was the model that best fit the data. It seems, therefore, that the DA in this species is quickly transferred from the digestive gland to all other organs, which release it into the environment. Physiological differences in the two experiments have been shown to have some effect on the depuration from each organ but the actual reasons are still unknown.

scholarly journals Transcriptional Response in the Digestive Gland of the King Scallop (Pecten maximus) after the Injection of Domoic Acid

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 339
Author(s):  
Pablo Ventoso ◽  
Antonio J. Pazos ◽  
Juan Blanco ◽  
M. Luz Pérez-Parallé ◽  
Juan C. Triviño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Gene Ontology ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Digestive Gland ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Pecten Maximus ◽  
System Process ◽  
Immune System Process ◽  
Response To Stress

Some diatom species of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia produce the toxin domoic acid. The depuration rate of domoic acid in Pecten maximus is very low; for this reason, king scallops generally contain high levels of domoic acid in their tissues. A transcriptomic approach was used to identify the genes differentially expressed in the P. maximus digestive gland after the injection of domoic acid. The differential expression analysis found 535 differentially expressed genes (226 up-regulated and 309 down-regulated). Protein–protein interaction networks obtained with the up-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as vesicle-mediated transport, response to stress, signal transduction, immune system process, RNA metabolic process, and autophagy, while networks obtained with the down-regulated genes were enriched in gene ontology terms, such as response to stress, immune system process, ribosome biogenesis, signal transduction, and mRNA processing. Genes that code for cytochrome P450 enzymes, glutathione S-transferase theta-1, glutamine synthase, pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 2, and sodium- and chloride-dependent glycine transporter 1 were among the up-regulated genes. Therefore, a stress response at the level of gene expression, that could be caused by the domoic acid injection, was evidenced by the alteration of several biological, cellular, and molecular processes.

scholarly journals Long Term Memory Outcome of Repetitive, Low-Level Dietary Exposure to Domoic Acid in Native Americans

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 3955
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Grattan ◽  
Laura Kaddis ◽  
J. Kate Tracy ◽  
John Glenn Morris
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Dietary Exposure ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Small Decline ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

Domoic acid (DA) is a marine-based neurotoxin that, if ingested via tainted shellfish, is associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). These acute effects of elevated DA exposure in humans have been well described. In contrast, the long-term impacts of lower level, repetitive, presumably safe doses of DA (less than 20 ppm) are minimally known. Since Native Americans (NA) residing in coastal communities of the Pacific NW United States are particularly vulnerable to DA exposure, this study focuses on the long-term, 8-year memory outcome associated with their repeated dietary consumption of the neurotoxin. Measures of razor clam consumption, memory, clerical speed and accuracy, and depression were administered over eight years to 500 randomly selected adult NA men and women ages 18–64. Data were analyzed using GEE analyses taking into consideration the year of study, demographic factors, and instrumentation in examining the association between dietary exposure and outcomes. Findings indicated a significant but small decline in total recall memory within the context of otherwise stable clerical speed and accuracy and depression scores. There is reason to believe that a continuum of memory difficulties may be associated with DA exposure, rather than a unitary ASP syndrome.

scholarly journals Monitoring the presence of domoic acid in the production areas of bivalve molluscs

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachele Rossi ◽  
Olga Arace ◽  
Maria Giovanna Buonomo ◽  
Daniela Capozzo ◽  
Vincenzo Castellano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Experimental Method ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Official Method ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Bivalve Molluscs ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Production Areas

Algal biotoxins, chemical compounds produced by some microscopic algae, constitute the <em>phytoplankton</em>. The mussels, feeding on phytoplankton, can accumulate these compounds to become themselves toxic. There have been several cases of food poisoning by consumption of contaminated shellfish. Such food poisoning have pushed our health care system to provide monitoring of shellfish in the framework of the monitoring plans carried out by AASSLL. In this paper we report the results obtained monitoring the presence of ASP (Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning) biotoxins, like domoic acid (DA) and its isomers, produced by <em>Pseudonitzschia</em> algae. The analysis were carried out by using both the HPLC-UV official method and an experimental method performed with a Time of Flight mass spectrometer (ESI-TOF). The 100% of samples analysed by the official method have always been below the limits of sensitivity (except one sample), the 65% of samples analysed by ESI-TOF, showed the presence of domoic acid.

scholarly journals High-Throughput Analysis of Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning Toxins in Shellfish by Ultra-Performance Rapid Resolution LC-MS/MS

2011 ◽  
Vol 94 (2) ◽  
pp. 555-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo De La Iglesia ◽  
Esther Barber ◽  
Gemma Giménez ◽  
María Luisa Rodríguez-Velasco ◽  
Adriano Villar-González ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Proficiency Test ◽  
Direct Analysis ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Fast Analysis ◽  
Rapid Resolution ◽  
Crude Extracts ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning

Abstract The application of ultra-performance rapid resolution LC on a 1.8 m particle-size column coupled with tandem MS (RRLC-MS/MS) is described for the analysis of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP) toxins in shellfish. Complete resolution among domoic acid (DA) and the isomers was achieved in less than 3 min. The method was intralaboratory validated for direct analysis of crude extracts without further cleanup. It showed LODs ranging from 0.05 to 0.09 mg/kg and a working range that complied with the current regulatory level for DA of 20 mg/kg, and with the level of 4.5 mg/kg recently proposed by the European Food Safety Authority. Confirmatory capabilities were demonstrated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC criteria. The results obtained by RRLC-MS/MS agreed with those provided by the reference LC-UV method, both intralaboratory for the analysis of blind samples (R2 0.9751) and interlaboratory through participation in the proficiency test for ASP toxins during 2009 (z-score 0.962 and 0.177 for low- and high-contaminated samples, respectively). RRLC-MS/MS provided fast analysis and additional confirmatory capabilities for direct analysis of crude extracts while the performance and reliability of the results were maintained, even in very complex matrixes.

scholarly journals Determination of Domoic Acid in Japanese Mussels by Enzyme Immunoassay

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 1384-1386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kentaro Kawatsu ◽  
Yonekazu Hamano ◽  
Tamao Noguchi
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Enzyme Immunoassay ◽  
Domoic Acid ◽  
Immunoaffinity Chromatography ◽  
Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Mussel Tissue ◽  
Blue Mussels ◽  
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning ◽  
Low Concentrations

Abstract Ten samples of commercial blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from Japan were analyzed for domoic acid by an indirect competitive enzyme immunoassay (idc–EIA) based on an anti-domoic acid monoclonal antibody. Domoic acid was found in all samples at low concentrations (0.11–1.81 ng/g mussel tissue). The presence of domoic acid was confirmed by liquid chromatography coupled with immunoaffinity chromatography using an anti-domoic acid monoclonal antibody as ligand. To our knowledge, this is the first reported detection of domoic acid, a causative agent of amnesic shellfish poisoning, in Japanese mussels.

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