Circumpolar phylogeography of Juncus biglumis (Juncaceae) inferred from AFLP fingerprints, cpDNA sequences, nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers

Cytogenetic analyses, of pollen viability, nuclear DNA content and RAPD markers were employed to study three chemotypes of Lippia alba (Mill.) (Verbenaceae) in order to understand the genetic variation among them. Different ploidy levels and mixoploid individuals were observed. This work comprises the first report of different chromosome numbers (cytotypes) in L. alba. The chromosome numbers of La2-carvone and La3-linalool chemotypes suggested that they are polyploids. Flow cytometric analysis showed an increase of nuclear DNA content that was not directly proportional to ploidy level variation. A cluster analysis based on RAPD markers revealed that La3-linalool shares genetic markers with La1-citral and La2-carvone. The analysis showed that the majority of genetic variation of La3-linalool could be a consequence of ixoploidy. ur data indicates that sexual reproduction aong those three chemotypes is unlikely and suggests the beginning of reproductive isolation. The results demonstrated that chromosome analysis, nuclear DNA content estimation and RAPD markers constitute excellent tools for detecting genetic variation among L. alba chemotypes.

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Chromosome Number, Ploidy Level, and Nuclear DNA Content in 23 Species of Echeveria (Crassulaceae)

Genes ◽

10.3390/genes12121950 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1950

Author(s):

Guadalupe Palomino ◽

Javier Martínez-Ramón ◽

Verónica Cepeda-Cornejo ◽

Miriam Ladd-Otero ◽

Patricia Romero ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Chromosome Number ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Root Tips ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Dna Amounts

Echeveria is a polyploid genus with a wide diversity of species and morphologies. The number of species registered for Echeveria is approximately 170; many of them are native to Mexico. This genus is of special interest in cytogenetic research because it has a variety of chromosome numbers and ploidy levels. Additionally, there are no studies concerning nuclear DNA content and the extent of endopolyploidy. This work aims to investigate the cytogenetic characteristics of 23 species of Echeveria collected in 9 states of Mexico, analyzing 2n chromosome numbers, ploidy level, nuclear DNA content, and endopolyploidy levels. Chromosome numbers were obtained from root tips. DNA content was obtained from the leaf parenchyma, which was processed according to the two-step protocol with Otto solutions and propidium iodide as fluorochrome, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. From the 23 species of Echeveria analyzed, 16 species lacked previous reports of 2n chromosome numbers. The 2n chromosome numbers found and analyzed in this research for Echeveria species ranged from 24 to 270. The range of 2C nuclear DNA amounts ranged from 1.26 pg in E. catorce to 7.70 pg in E. roseiflora, while the 1C values were 616 Mbp and 753 Mbp, respectively, for the same species. However, differences in the level of endopolyploidy nuclei were found, corresponding to 4 endocycles (8C, 16C, 32C and 64C) in E. olivacea, E. catorce, E. juarezensis and E. perezcalixii. In contrast, E. longiflora presented 3 endocycles (8C, 16C and 32C) and E. roseiflora presented 2 endocycles (8C and 16C). It has been suggested that polyploidization and diploidization processes, together with the presence of endopolyploidy, allowed Echeveria species to adapt and colonize new adverse environments.

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Determining Ploidy Level and Nuclear DNA Content in Rubus by Flow Cytometry

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.127.5.767 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 127 (5) ◽

pp. 767-775 ◽

Cited By ~ 37

Author(s):

Rengong Meng ◽

Chad Finn

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Pacific Northwest ◽

Ploidy Level ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Diploid Species ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Dna Flow Cytometry ◽

Ploidy Levels

Nuclear DNA flow cytometry was used to differentiate ploidy level and determine nuclear DNA content in Rubus. Nuclei suspensions were prepared from leaf discs of young leaves following published protocols with modifications. DNA was stained with propidium iodide. Measurement of fluorescence of 40 genotypes, whose published ploidy ranged from diploid to dodecaploid, indicated that fluorescence increased with an increase in chromosome number. Ploidy level accounted for 99% of the variation in fluorescence intensity (r2 = 0.99) and variation among ploidy levels was much higher than within ploidy levels. This protocol was used successfully for genotypes representing eight different Rubus subgenera. Rubus ursinus Cham. and Schldl., a native blackberry species in the Pacific Northwest, which has been reported to have 6x, 8x, 9x, 10x, 11x, and 12x forms, was extensively tested. Genotypes of R. ursinus were predominantly 12x, but 6x, 7x, 8x, 9x, 11x, and 13x forms were found as well. Attempts to confirm the 13x estimates with manual counts were unsuccessful. Ploidy level of 103 genotypes in the USDA-ARS breeding program was determined by flow cytometry. Flow cytometry confirmed that genotypes from crosses among 7x and 4x parents had chromosome numbers that must be the result of nonreduced gametes. This technique was effective in differentiating chromosome numbers differing by 1x, but was not able to differentiate aneuploids. Nuclear DNA contents of 21 diploid Rubus species from five subgenera were determined by flow cytometry. Idaeobatus, Chamaebatus, and Anaplobatus were significantly lower in DNA content than those of Rubus and Cylactis. In the Rubus subgenus, R. hispidus and R. canadensis had the lowest DNA content and R. sanctus had the highest DNA content, 0.59 and 0.75 pg, respectively. Idaeobatus had greater variation in DNA content among diploid species than the Rubus subgenus, with the highest being from R. ellipticus (0.69 pg) and lowest from R. illecebrosus (0.47 pg).

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Genome Size and Karyotype Studies in Five Species of Lantana (Verbenaceae)

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci15603-20 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-5

Author(s):

S. Brooks Parrish ◽

Renjuan Qian ◽

Zhanao Deng

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Genome Size ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

The United States ◽

Ploidy Levels ◽

Chromosome Group ◽

Group 3

Lantana species are an important component of the U.S. environmental horticulture industry. The most commonly produced and used species are L. camara and, on a smaller scale, L. montevidensis. Both were introduced to the United States from Central and/or South America. Lantana species native to the continental United States include L. canescens, L. depressa, L. involucrata, etc. and most of them have not been well exploited. This study was conducted to obtain information about somatic chromosome numbers, karyotypes, and genome size of these five species. Nuclear DNA content in these species ranged from 2.74 pg/2C (L. involucrata) to 6.29 pg/2C (L. depressa var. depressa). Four chromosome numbers were observed: 2n = 2x = 22 in L. camara ‘Lola’ and ‘Denholm White’, 2n = 4x = 44 in L. depressa var. depressa, 2n = 2x = 24 in L. canescens and L. involucrata, and 2n = 3x = 36 in L. montevidensis. Two basic chromosome numbers were observed: x = 11 in L. camara and L. depressa var. depressa, and x = 12 in L. canescens, L. involucrata, and L. montevidensis. Analysis of somatic metaphases resulted in formulas of 20m + 2sm for L. camara ‘Lola’ and ‘Denholm White’, 12m + 12sm for L. canescens, 44m for L. depressa var. depressa, 10m + 14sm for L. involucrata, and 32m + 4sm for L. montevidensis. Satellites were identified in all five species, but were associated with a different chromosome group in different species. L. depressa var. depressa had the longest total chromatin length (146.78 µm) with a range of 1.88 to 4.41 µm for individual chromosomes. The maximum arm ratio was observed in L. canescens, with a ratio of 2.5 in chromosome group 3. L. depressa var. depressa was the only species that had all of its centromeres located in the median region of the chromosome. The results show significant differences in nuclear DNA content, chromosome number, and karyotype among three native and two introduced lantana species and will help to identify, preserve, protect, and use native lantana species. The information will be helpful in assessing the ploidy levels in the genus by flow cytometry.

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Nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers in the myxomycete Physarum polycephalum

Developmental Biology ◽

10.1016/0012-1606(73)90352-7 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 34 (2) ◽

pp. 228-245 ◽

Cited By ~ 62

Author(s):

Joyce Mohberg ◽

Karlee L. Babcock ◽

Finn B. Haugli ◽

H.P. Rusch

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Physarum Polycephalum ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content

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Chromosome numbers, nuclear DNA content, and polyploidy in Consolea (Cactaceae), an endemic cactus of the Caribbean Islands

American Journal of Botany ◽

10.3732/ajb.94.8.1360 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 94 (8) ◽

pp. 1360-1370 ◽

Cited By ~ 55

Author(s):

V. Negron-Ortiz

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Caribbean Islands ◽

The Caribbean

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Variation in nuclear DNA content and chromosome numbers in blueberry

Scientia Horticulturae ◽

10.1016/j.scienta.2018.01.031 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 233 ◽

pp. 108-113 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Hamidou F. Sakhanokho ◽

Timothy A. Rinehart ◽

Stephen J. Stringer ◽

M. Nurul Islam-Faridi ◽

Cecil T. Pounders

Keyword(s):

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content

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Nuclear DNA Contents of Phalaenopsis sp. and Doritis pulcherrima

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.126.2.195 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 126 (2) ◽

pp. 195-199 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Sandy Lin ◽

Hsiao-Ching Lee ◽

Wen-Huei Chen ◽

Chi-Chang Chen ◽

Yen-Yu Kao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Flow Cytometry ◽

Genome Analysis ◽

Dna Content ◽

Chromosome Numbers ◽

Nuclear Dna ◽

Nuclear Dna Content ◽

Dna Contents ◽

Nuclear Dna Contents ◽

Different Levels ◽

Dna Amounts

Nuclear DNA contents were estimated by flow cytometry in 18 Phalaenopsis Blume species and Doritis pulcherrima Lindl. DNA amounts differed 6.07-fold, from 2.74 pg/diploid nuclear DNA content (2C) in P. sanderiana Rchb.f. to 16.61 pg/2C in P. parishii Rchb.f. Nuclear DNA contents of P. aphrodite Rchb.f. clones, W01-38 (2n = 2x = 38), W01-41 (2n = 3x = 57), and W01-22 (2n = 4x = 76), displayed a linear relationship with their chromosome numbers, indicating the accuracy of flow cytometry. Our results also suggest that the 2C-values of the Phalaenopsis sp. correlate with their chromosome sizes. The comparative analyses of DNA contents may provide information to molecular geneticists and systematists for genome analysis in Phalaenopsis. Endoreduplication was found in various tissues of P. equestris at different levels. The highest degree of endoreduplication in P. equestris was detected in leaves.

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