Recurrent events on a Quaternary fault recorded in the mineralogy and micromorphology of a weathering profile, Yangsan Fault System, Korea

2005 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gi Young Jeong ◽  
Chang-Sik Cheong

AbstractRecurrence characteristics of a Quaternary fault are generally investigated on the basis of field properties that are rapidly degraded by chemical weathering and erosion in warm humid climates. Here we show that in intense weathering environments, mineralogical and micromorphological investigations are valuable in paleoseismological reconstruction. A weathering profile developed in Late Quaternary marine terrace deposits along the southeastern coast of the Korean Peninsula was disturbed by tectonic movement that appears to be a simple one-time reverse faulting event based on field observations. A comparative analysis of the mineralogy, micromorphology, and chemistry of the weathering profile and fault gouge, however, reveals that both the microfissures in the deformed weathering profile and larger void spaces along the fault plane were filled with multi-stage accumulations of illuvial clay and silt minerals of detrital origin, suggesting a repetition of fissuring and subsequent sealing in the weathering profile as it underwent continuous mineralogical transformation and particle translocation. We reconstruct a sequence of multiple faulting events unrecognized in previous field surveys, which requires revision of the view that the Korean Peninsula was tectonically stable, during the Late Quaternary.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungpyo Hong ◽  
Heejun Kim ◽  
Hyunwoo Lee ◽  
Wonhee Lee ◽  
Jeongyeon Yu ◽  
...  

2001 ◽  
Vol 20 (5-9) ◽  
pp. 999-1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee-Kwon Lee ◽  
Henry, P Schwarcz

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maoliang Zhang ◽  
Zhengfu Guo ◽  
Sheng Xu ◽  
Peter H. Barry ◽  
Yuji Sano ◽  
...  

AbstractThe episodic growth of high-elevation orogenic plateaux is controlled by a series of geodynamic processes. However, determining the underlying mechanisms that drive plateau growth dynamics over geological history and constraining the depths at which growth originates, remains challenging. Here we present He-CO2-N2 systematics of hydrothermal fluids that reveal the existence of a lithospheric-scale fault system in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, whereby multi-stage plateau growth occurred in the geological past and continues to the present. He isotopes provide unambiguous evidence for the involvement of mantle-scale dynamics in lateral expansion and localized surface uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. The excellent correlation between 3He/4He values and strain rates, along the strike of Indian indentation into Asia, suggests non-uniform distribution of stresses between the plateau boundary and interior, which modulate southeastward growth of the Tibetan Plateau within the context of India-Asia convergence. Our results demonstrate that deeply-sourced volatile geochemistry can be used to constrain deep dynamic processes involved in orogenic plateau growth.


2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-145
Author(s):  
Vincent Laurent Onana ◽  
Estelle Ndome Effoudou ◽  
Sylvia Desirée Noa Tang ◽  
Véronique Kamgang Kabeyene ◽  
Georges Emmanuel Ekodeck

RésuméUn profil d’altération développé sur chloritoschistes de la zone de Bengbis (Sud Cameroun) a été choisi pour quantifier l’intensité de l’altération et comprendre le comportement des terres rares. Les valeurs de l’indice d’altération mafique combinées aux diagrammes ternaires du système Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K montrent que l’hydrolyse des feldspaths est proportionnelle à celle des minéraux mafiques (pertes en Mg), bien que l’hydrolyse des plagioclases (Ca, Na) soit plus intense que celle des minéraux ferromagnésiens. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés sont localisés dans le domaine de la kaolinitisation, à l’exception des matériaux nodulaires qui sont légèrement latritiss. La modification du comportement du Mg dans le milieu d’altération s’exprime par les faibles valeurs du rapport Ca/Mg. Le potassium et Be sont lessivés dans le sol en association avec Mg. L’ordre de mobilité des éléments dans l’environnement d’altération étudié est : Ca ≈ Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. Les enrichissements en K, Cs et Be dans les saprolites sont liés à la présence d’illite. L’accumulation en Cs dans le sol est due à la présence de kaolinite. Le système le plus stable dans le milieu d’altération étudié est : Hf – Nb – W – U. Les saprolites, les matériaux nodulaires et les matériaux argileux meubles superficiels sont appauvris en terres rares par rapport à la roche mère. Les terres rares présentent trois types de comportement le long du profil d’altération, comme l’indiquent les valeurs du rapport (La/Yb)N ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 et (La/Yb)N > 1). Les terres rares légères et les terres rares moyennes s’accumulent dans les matériaux d’altération pour des valeurs de pH comprises entre 5,5 et 5,6 et pour celles de Eh variant entre +60 et +70mV. L’ordre de mobilité de ces éléments dans ces matériaux est le suivant : terres rares moyennes > terres rares lourdes terres rares légères. Ce fait est contre-intuitif, car les terres lourdes sont plus mobiles dans les environnemenst supergènes que les terres rares légères. L’adsorption ou la co-précipitation de ces terres rares sur les oxydes de fer peut principalement contrôler la concentration de ces éléments dans le profil d’altération. Les faibles anomalies en Ce dans les matériaux d’altération de la zone de Bengbis, dues au changement de Ce3+ en Ce4+, sont probablement dues à la présence de faibles quantités de rhabdophane. Les matériaux d’altération étudiés présentent un fractionnement en Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) dues à une intense lixiviation. Ce fait a rarement été signalé dans un environnement d’altération latéritique. Il semble qu’une partie de la distribution et de la remobilisation du gadolinium soit contrôlée par des minéraux mafiques dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. La distribution et la mobilisation des terres rares sont donc contrôlées par (1) l’adsorption ou la coprécipitation dans les minéraux mafiques et Fe, (2) et légèrement par les minéraux contenant des terres rares tels que le rhabdophane, rencontrés dans les matériaux d’altération étudiés. Abstract An in situ weathering profile overlying chlorite schists in southern Cameroon was chosen to quantify chemical weathering intensity and to study the behaviour of rare earth elements (REE). Mafic index alteration values combined with the ternary diagrams of the Al – Fe – Mg – Ca – Na – K system show that the hydrolysis of feldspars is proportional to that of mafic minerals (losses in Mg), although the hydrolysis of the plagioclases (Ca, Na) is more intense than that of ferromagnesian minerals. The studied materials are localised in the domain of kaolinitisation, except for nodular materials which are slightly lateritised. The change in the behaviour of Mg in the weathering environment is expressed by the low values in Ca/Mg ratio. Potassium and Be are leached in the soil in association with Mg. The order of mobility of the elements in the weathering environment is: Ca ≈  Na > Fe2+ ≈ Sr > Mg ≈ Co > Mn > Li > Ba > Rb > P > Cd > Ni > Si > Be > K > Sn. The enrichments in K, Cs and Be in saprolites are linked to the presence of illite. Cesium accumulation in the soil is due to the presence of kaolinite. The most stable system is: Hf – Nb – W – U. Saprolites, nodular and loose clayey materials are depleted in REE relative to the parent rock. REE exhibit three types of behaviour along the Bengbis profile like indicated by (La/Yb)N ratio values ((La/Yb)N < 1, (La/Yb)N ~ 1 and (La/Yb)N > 1). Light REE and Middle REE accumulate in the weathering materials for pH values ranging between 5.5 and 5.6 and for those of Eh varying between +60 and +70mV. The order of mobility of REE in these horizons is: Middle REE > Heavy REE ≈ Light REE. This fact is counter-intuitive, because Heavy REE are more mobile in supergene environment than Light REE. Adsorption or co-precipitation of LREE onto Fe oxides mainly may control the concentration of these elements in the profile. Weak Ce anomalies in the weathering materials of Bengbis area, due to the change in Ce3+ to Ce4+, are probably due to the presence of low amounts in rhabdophane. The studied weathering materials show a fractionation in Gd (Gd/Gd* ~0.70 – 0.84) due to intense chemical leaching. This fact has been rarely reported in lateritic weathering environment. It appears that, a part of Gd distribution and remobilization is controlled by mafic minerals in the studied weathered materials. REE distribution and mobilization are thus controlled by (1) adsorption or co-precipitation in mafic and Fe minerals, (2) and slightly by REE-bearing minerals such as rhabdophane found in the studied weathering profile.  


2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 383-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. W. Goodfellow ◽  
A. P. Stroeven ◽  
D. Fabel ◽  
O. Fredin ◽  
M.-H. Derron ◽  
...  

Abstract. Autochthonous blockfield mantles may indicate alpine surfaces that have not been glacially eroded. These surfaces may therefore serve as markers against which to determine Quaternary erosion volumes in adjacent glacially eroded sectors. To explore these potential utilities, chemical weathering features, erosion rates, and regolith residence durations of mountain blockfields are investigated in the northern Swedish Scandes. This is done, firstly, by assessing the intensity of regolith chemical weathering along altitudinal transects descending from three blockfield-mantled summits. Clay / silt ratios, secondary mineral assemblages, and imaging of chemical etching of primary mineral grains in fine matrix are each used for this purpose. Secondly, erosion rates and regolith residence durations of two of the summits are inferred from concentrations of in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al in quartz at the blockfield surfaces. An interpretative model is adopted that includes temporal variations in nuclide production rates through surface burial by glacial ice and glacial isostasy-induced elevation changes of the blockfield surfaces. Together, our data indicate that these blockfields are not derived from remnants of intensely weathered Neogene weathering profiles, as is commonly considered. Evidence for this interpretation includes minor chemical weathering in each of the three examined blockfields, despite consistent variability according to slope position. In addition, average erosion rates of ~16.2 and ~6.7 mm ka−1, calculated for the two blockfield-mantled summits, are low but of sufficient magnitude to remove present blockfield mantles, of up to a few metres in thickness, within a late Quaternary time frame. Hence, blockfield mantles appear to be replenished by regolith formation through, primarily physical, weathering processes that have operated during the Quaternary. The persistence of autochthonous blockfields over multiple glacial–interglacial cycles confirms their importance as key markers of surfaces that were not glacially eroded through, at least, the late Quaternary. However, presently blockfield-mantled surfaces may potentially be subjected to large spatial variations in erosion rates, and their Neogene regolith mantles may have been comprehensively eroded during the late Pliocene and early Pleistocene. Their role as markers by which to estimate glacial erosion volumes in surrounding landscape elements therefore remains uncertain.


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