The long-term high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation does not induce mRNA expression of inflammatory mediators in the rat central nervous system

Background: The efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depression has been assessed in a number of acute treatment trials during the last 10 years. Little is known about the long-term impact of the treatment on the disorder and its effectiveness when applied for repeated relapses of depression over time. Method: Nineteen patients who had previously responded to rTMS in clinical trials received treatment with rTMS for a total of 30 episodes of depressive relapse. Results: Approximately 10 months elapsed between treatment episodes. The majority of patients achieved a significant improvement in each treatment course with significant improvements achieved in patients treated with both low-frequency right-sided rTMS and high-frequency left-sided rTMS. Conclusions: The study suggests that rTMS may have value in the treatment of episodes of depressive relapse with little reduction in efficacy over time.

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Electromagnetic Fields for the Regulation of Neural Stem Cells

Stem Cells International ◽

10.1155/2017/9898439 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Mengchu Cui ◽

Hongfei Ge ◽

Hengli Zhao ◽

Yongjie Zou ◽

Yujie Chen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Neural Stem Cells ◽

Electromagnetic Fields ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Electrical Current ◽

Us Fda

Localized magnetic fields (MFs) could easily penetrate the scalp, skull, and meninges, thus inducing an electrical current in both the central and peripheral nervous systems, which is primarily used in transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for inducing specific effects on different regions or cells that play roles in various brain activities. Studies of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have led to novel attractive therapeutic approaches. Neural stem cells (NSCs) in adult human brain are able to self-renew and possess multidifferential ability to maintain homeostasis and repair damage after acute central nervous system. In the present review, we summarized the electrical activity of NSCs and the fundamental mechanism of electromagnetic fields and their effects on regulating NSC proliferation, differentiation, migration, and maturation. Although it was authorized for the rTMS use in resistant depression patients by US FDA, there are still unveiling mechanism and limitations for rTMS in clinical applications of acute central nervous system injury, especially on NSC regulation as a rehabilitation strategy. More in-depth studies should be performed to provide detailed parameters and mechanisms of rTMS in further studies, making it a powerful tool to treat people who are surviving with acute central nervous system injuries.

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High Frequency Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Therapy For Chronic Neuropathic Pain: A Meta-analysis

January 2018 - Pain Physician ◽

10.36076/ppj.2015/18/e1029 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6;18 (6;11) ◽

pp. E1029-E1046 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Qiwen Mu

Keyword(s):

Neuropathic Pain ◽

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

High Frequency ◽

Analgesic Effect ◽

Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

Optimal Parameters ◽

Analgesic Effects

Background: Increasing evidence supports an analgesic effect of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) for neuropathic pain (NP). However, the optimal parameters of rTMS (stimulation frequency and treatment sessions) for achieving long-term analgesic effects remain unknown. This study analyzed the current findings in the literature. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the optimal parameters of rTMS for NP, including the rTMS sessions needed for inducing acute as well as long-term analgesic effects. Study Design: A meta-analysis of the analgesic effect of high frequency rTMS (HF- rTMS) for neuropathic patients. Setting: This meta-analysis examined all studies involving the analgesic efficacy of HF-rTMS for NP. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane library were searched for clinical studies of rTMS treatment on NP published before December 31, 2014. Crude standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for pain intensity after different treatment sessions (from 1 to 10) and follow-up of one or 2 months after rTMS treatment using random effect models. Results: Twenty-five studies (including 32 trials and 589 patients) were selected for the metaanalysis according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All 3 HF-rTMS treatments (5, 10, and 20 Hz) produced pain reduction, while there were no differences between them, with the maximal pain reduction found after one and 5 sessions of rTMS treatment. Further, this significant analgesic effect remained forone month after 5 sessions of rTMS treatment. Limitations: There are limitations of this meta-analysis. For example, the long-term analgesic effects of different HF-rTMS and low frequency (LF) rTMS sessions, including the single session of rTMS on different NP of varying origins have yet not been evaluated; the full degree of pain relief is still unclear for many rTMS studies. Conclusions: HF-rTMS stimulation on primary motor cortex is effective in relieving pain in NP patients. Although 5 sessions of rTMS treatment produced a maximal analgesic effect and may be maintained for at least one month, further large-scale and well-controlled trials are needed to determine if this enhanced effect is specific to certain types of NP such as post-stroke related central NP. Key words: High frequency, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, neuropathic pain, single stimulation, multiple stimulation, meta-analysis

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