Movement disorders induced by gamma-aminobutyric agonist and antagonist injections into the internal globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata of the monkey

1998 ◽  
Vol 780 (1) ◽  
pp. 102-107 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Burbaud ◽  
B Bonnet ◽  
D Guehl ◽  
A Lagueny ◽  
B Bioulac
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist

Activation of Group III mGluRs Inhibits GABAergic and Glutamatergic Transmission in the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1960-1968 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marion Wittmann ◽  
Michael J. Marino ◽  
Stefania Risso Bradley ◽  
P. Jeffrey Conn
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Synaptic Transmission ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Projection Neurons ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Metabotropic Glutamate ◽  
Primary Output

The GABAergic projection neurons of the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) exert an important influence on the initiation and control of movement. The SNr is a primary output nucleus of the basal ganglia (BG) and is controlled by excitatory inputs from the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and inhibitory inputs from the striatum and globus pallidus. Changes in the output of the SNr are believed to be critically involved in the development of a variety of movement disorders. Anatomical studies reveal that metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are highly expressed throughout the BG. Interestingly, mRNA for group III mGluRs are highly expressed in STN, striatum, and globus pallidus, and immunocytochemical studies have shown that the group III mGluR proteins are present in the SNr. Thus it is possible that group III mGluRs play a role in the modulation of synaptic transmission in this nucleus. We performed whole cell patch-clamp recordings from nondopaminergic SNr neurons to investigate the effect of group III mGluR activation on excitatory and inhibitory transmission in the SNr. We report that activation of group III mGluRs by the selective agonist l(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (l-AP4, 100 μM) decreases inhibitory synaptic transmission in the SNr. Miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents studies and paired-pulse studies reveal that this effect is mediated by a presynaptic mechanism. Furthermore we found that l-AP4 (500 μM) also reduces excitatory synaptic transmission at the STN-SNr synapse by action on presynaptically localized group III mGluRs. The finding that mGluRs modulate the major inputs to SNr neurons suggests that these receptors may play an important role in motor function and could provide new targets for the development of pharmacological treatments of movement disorders.

Long-term follow-up of Huntington disease treated by bilateral deep brain stimulation of the internal globus pallidus

2008 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
pp. 130-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Biolsi ◽  
Laura Cif ◽  
Hassan El Fertit ◽  
Santiago Gil Robles ◽  
Philippe Coubes
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Huntington Disease ◽  
Internal Globus Pallidus ◽  
Efficient Treatment ◽  
Deep Brain ◽  
Stimulation Of

Deep brain stimulation is now accepted as a safe and efficient treatment for movement disorders including selected types of dystonia and dyskinesia. Very little, however, is known about its effect on other movement disorders, particularly for “choreic” movements. Huntington disease is a fatal autosomal-dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by movement disorders, progressive cognitive impairment, and psychiatric symptoms. Bilateral chronic stimulation of the internal globus pallidus was performed to control choreic movements in a 60-year-old man with a 10-year history of Huntington disease. Chronic deep brain stimulation resulted in remarkable improvement of choreic movements. Postoperative improvement was sustained after 4 years of follow-up with a marked improvement in daily quality of life.

Subthalamo-Pallidal Circuit

2017 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Charles J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Modern Methods

The subthalamo-pallidal system constitutes the second layer of circuitry in the basal ganglia, downstream of the striatum. It consists of four nuclei. Two of them, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), make their connections primarily within the basal ganglia. The others, the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. Collectively, their axons distribute collaterals to all the targets of the basal ganglia. Rare interneurons have been reported in each of them from studies of Golgi-stained preparations, but they have not so far been confirmed using more modern methods. The circuit as described here is based primarily on studies of the axonal arborizations of neurons stained individually by intracellular or juxtacellular labeling.

scholarly journals Activity of Neurons in Monkey Globus Pallidus During Oculomotor Behavior Compared With That in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata

2010 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 1874-1887 ◽  
Author(s):  
SooYoon Shin ◽  
Marc A. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Related Activity ◽  
Oculomotor Behavior ◽  
Firing Rates ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
High Firing

The basal ganglia are a subcortical assembly of nuclei involved in many aspects of behavior. Three of the nuclei have high firing rates and inhibitory influences: the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), globus pallidus interna (GPi), and globus pallidus externa (GPe). The SNr contains a wide range of visual, cognitive, and motor signals that have been shown to contribute to saccadic eye movements. Our hypothesis was that GPe and GPi neurons carry similarly diverse signals during saccadic behavior. We recorded from GPe, GPi, and SNr neurons in monkeys that made memory-guided saccades and found that neurons in all three structures had increases or decreases in activity synchronized with saccade generation, visual stimulation, or reward. Comparing GPe neurons with GPi neurons, we found relatively more visual-related activity in GPe and more reward-related activity in GPi. Comparing both pallidal samples with the SNr, we found a greater resemblance between GPe and SNr neurons than that between GPi and SNr neurons. As expected from a known inhibitory projection from GPe to SNr, there was a general reversal of sign in activity modulations between the structures: bursts of activity were relatively more common in GPe and pauses more common in SNr. We analyzed the response fields of neurons in all three structures and found relatively narrow and lateralized fields early in trials (during visual and saccadic events) followed by a broadening later in trials (during reward). Our data reinforce an emerging, new consensus that the GPe and GPi, in addition to the SNr, contribute to oculomotor behavior.

Toxic Equine Parkinsonism: An Immunohistochemical Study of 10 Horses With Nigropallidal Encephalomalacia

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 398-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. Chang ◽  
W. K. Rumbeiha ◽  
J. S. Patterson ◽  
B. Puschner ◽  
A. P. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Tyrosine Hydroxylase ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Parkinson Disease ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Compacta ◽  
Large Animal Model ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

Chronic ingestion of yellow star thistle ( Centaurea solstitialis) or Russian knapweed ( Acroptilon repens) causes nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE) in horses with an abrupt onset of neurologic signs characterized by dystonia of lips and tongue, inability to prehend food, depression, and locomotor deficits. The objectives of this study were to reexamine the pathologic alterations of NPE and to conduct an immunohistochemistry study using antibodies to tyrosine hydroxylase and α-synuclein, to determine whether NPE brains show histopathologic features resembling those in human Parkinson disease. Results confirm that the NPE lesions are located within the substantia nigra pars reticulata, sparing the cell bodies of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, and in the rostral portion of the globus pallidus, with partial disruption of dopaminergic (tyrosine hydroxylase–positive) fibers passing through the globus pallidus. No abnormal cytoplasmic inclusions like the Lewy bodies of human Parkinson disease were seen in these NPE brains. These findings indicate that equine NPE may serve as a large animal model of environmentally acquired toxic parkinsonism, with clinical phenotype directly attributable to lesions in globus pallidus and substantia nigra pars reticulata rather than to the destruction of dopaminergic neurons.

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