Infant Feeding: Formula Feeding

1961 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding

Breastfeeding Practices Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Women at the Postpartum Visit

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cameryn C. Garrett ◽  
Michelle Azimov ◽  
Khozema Campwala ◽  
Maria Sarmiento ◽  
Kristen Faye Linton
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Feeding Practice ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Postpartum Visit ◽  
Feeding Patterns ◽  
Hispanic Mothers ◽  
Hispanic White

Background: Breastfeeding is an active area in public health advocacy. Despite documented benefits for infants and mothers, exclusive breastfeeding is not universal. Ethnicity, among other variables, has been shown to influence breastfeeding practice. Research aim: Our study aimed to determine which variables are associated with infant feeding patterns at the postpartum visit; compare the sociodemographic variables associated with infant feeding patterns between Hispanic and non-Hispanic mothers; and determine the odds of exclusive breastfeeding, mixed feeding, and exclusive formula feeding associated with sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: A retrospective, cross-sectional two-group comparison design was used. Hispanic and non-Hispanic women’s ( N = 666) infant feeding patterns at 6-week postpartum were analyzed. Group comparisons were made of the demographic characteristics and infant feeding practice. Results: Thirty-four percent of Hispanic participants reported exclusive breastfeeding compared with 59% of non-Hispanic White participants. Language and body mass index were significantly associated with infant feeding patterns among Hispanic participants. Compared with non-Hispanic White participants, Hispanic participants had increased odds of reporting mixed feeding and exclusive formula feeding. Conclusion: Breastfeeding initiatives should target English-speaking Hispanic mothers and obese Hispanic mothers to align breastfeeding rates with medical recommendations. Healthcare providers may benefit from additional training to address barriers to breastfeeding among obese women and to provide culturally sensitive support that encourages continued breastfeeding in this population.

For Shame: Feminism, Breastfeeding Advocacy, and Maternal Guilt

Hypatia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Taylor ◽  
Lora Ebert Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
New Framework

In this paper, we provide a new framework for understanding infant‐feeding‐related maternal guilt and shame, placing these in the context of feminist theoretical and psychological accounts of the emotions of self‐assessment. Whereas breastfeeding advocacy has been critiqued for its perceived role in inducing maternal guilt, we argue that the emotion women often feel surrounding infant feeding may be better conceptualized as shame in its tendency to involve a negative self‐assessment—a failure to achieve an idealized notion of good motherhood. Further, we suggest, both formula‐feeding and breastfeeding mothers experience shame: the former report feeling that they fail to live up to ideals of womanhood and motherhood, and the latter transgress cultural expectations regarding feminine modesty. The problem, then, is the degree to which mothers are vulnerable to shame generally, regardless of infant feeding practices. As an emotion that is less adaptive and potentially more damaging than guilt, shame ought to be the focus of resistance for both feminists and breastfeeding advocates, who need to work in conjunction with women to oppose this shame by assisting them in constructing their own ideals of good motherhood that incorporate a sense of self‐concern.

‘The midwives aren't allowed to tell you’: Perceived infant feeding policy restrictions in a formula feeding culture – The Feeding Your Baby Study

Midwifery ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. e49-e55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briege M. Lagan ◽  
Andrew Symon ◽  
Janet Dalzell ◽  
Heather Whitford
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding

scholarly journals The cost of infant feeding in Liverpool, England

2004 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 1039-1046 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Berridge ◽  
AF Hackett ◽  
J Abayomi ◽  
SM Maxwell
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Primary Care Trust ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
The Cost

AbstractObjective:To investigate feeding practices in infants under the age of 4 months in Liverpool, England with particular reference to the cost of infant feeding.Design:A cross–sectional survey consisting of self–completion questionnaires and interviews.Setting:Subjects' homes within Central and South Liverpool Primary Care Trust areas.Subjects:One hundred and forty–nine women (aged 18 to 43 years) and their infants (mean age 13 weeks).Results:The average weekly cost of breast–feeding was £11.58 compared with £9.60 for formula–feeding. Many breast– and formula–feeding women spent money however on items that were not needed or used only once or twice. This was especially true of first–time mothers. Characteristics significantly associated with higher spending were: feeding method – mothers that had or were partially breast–feeding (P=0.001), education – those educated to degree level (P=0.028), socio–economic status – those in social classes I and II (P=0.002) and age – those aged 30 years and over (P=0.003).Conclusions:This study demonstrates that while breast–feeding is often promoted as being free, this is not the case. Better information needs to be given to parents to avoid wasting money on items that are unnecessary, or where cheaper alternatives are available.

Factors Distinguishing Positive Deviance Among Low-Income African American Women: A Qualitative Study on Infant Feeding

2016 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 368-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cecilia E. Barbosa ◽  
Saba W. Masho ◽  
Kellie E. Carlyle ◽  
Maghboeba Mosavel
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African American Women ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Short Term ◽  
American Women ◽  
Breastfeeding Intention ◽  
Breastfeeding In Public

Background: Positive deviant individuals practice beneficial behaviors in spite of having qualities characterizing them as high risk for unhealthy behaviors. Objective: This study aimed to identify and understand factors distinguishing low-income African American women who breastfeed the longest (positive deviants) from those who breastfeed for a shorter duration or do not breastfeed. Methods: Seven mini-focus groups on infant-feeding attitudes and experiences were conducted with 25 low-income African American women, grouped by infant-feeding practice. Positive deviants, who had breastfed for 4 months or more, were compared with formula-feeding participants who had only formula fed their babies and short-term breastfeeding participants who had breastfed for 3 months or less. Results: Positive deviant women had more schooling, higher income, breastfeeding intention, positive breastfeeding and unfavorable formula-feeding attitudes, higher self-efficacy, positive hospital and Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children experiences, more exclusive breastfeeding, and greater comfort breastfeeding in public. Short-term breastfeeding women varied in breastfeeding intention and self-efficacy, seemed to receive insufficient professional breastfeeding support, and supplemented breastfeeding with formula. Some showed ambivalence, concern with unhealthy behaviors, and discomfort with breastfeeding in public. Formula-feeding women intended to formula feed, feared breastfeeding, thought their behaviors were incompatible with breastfeeding, were comfortable with and found formula convenient, and received strong support to formula feed. Conclusion: Tapping into the strengths of positive deviants; tailoring interventions to levels of general and breastfeeding self-efficacy; increasing social, institutional, and community supports; and removing inappropriate formula promotion may offer promising strategies to increase breastfeeding among low-income African American women.

scholarly journals Maternal Eating Behavior in Low-Income Mothers Influences Attitudes Toward Infant Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 767-767
Author(s):  
Maryam Kebbe ◽  
Abby Altazan ◽  
Robbie Beyl ◽  
Anne Gilmore ◽  
Leanne Redman
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Feeding Styles

Abstract Objectives Eating behavior is established early in life, influences infant development and health, and is likely to originate with the mother. We examined if maternal eating behaviors influenced attitudes towards infant feeding styles and whether these associations differed by infant feeding mode (breastfeeding and formula-feeding). Methods This was an observational study in 35 low-income mother-infant dyads. Postpartum women (≥18 years old, 25 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) in the Louisiana Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program completed the Eating Inventory and Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire to assess maternal eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger) and infant feeding styles (restrictive feeding, responsive feeding, and pressuring/overfeeding), respectively, 8 weeks after delivery. Linear models with fixed effects were computed with maternal age, BMI, and maternal eating behavior as covariates using SPSS (p < 0.05 to indicate significance). Results Thirty-four % of the mothers were breastfeeding (n = 12) and 66.0% were formula-feeding (n = 23). Infant feeding styles were not predicted by maternal eating behaviors (all p > 0.05). In mothers who breastfed, maternal dietary restraint was positively associated with infant pressuring/overfeeding (β = 0.91, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = 1.37, p = 0.02). In addition, maternal disinhibition was negatively associated with restrictive infant feeding (β = −0.53, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003). Comparatively, in mothers who formula-fed, restrictive infant feeding was predicted by maternal disinhibition (β = 0.42, p < 0.01; Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003) and maternal perceived hunger (β = 0.43, p < 0.01; Δ = 0.71, p = 0.007). Conclusions Maternal eating behavior is associated with infant feeding styles only when feeding mode is considered. Interventions educating mothers on how their own eating behaviors have the potential to influence eating behaviors of their children are needed. Funding Sources USDA Small Grants Program and the NIH (T32DK064584, and U54 GM104940).

Association Between Infant Feeding Modes and Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Repeated Measurement Analysis of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Lin Chen ◽  
Nelís Soto-Ramírez ◽  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
Wilfried Karmaus
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Repeated Measurement ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux in neonates is frequently reported by parents, potentially motivating changes in infant feeding mode and/or addition of solid food. Objective: The authors prospectively analyzed associations between repeated measurement of feeding modes and reflux in infancy. Methods: The Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted between 2005 and 2007 (2,841 infants), provides data on reflux and feeding modes at nine time points from months 1 to 12. Feeding modes were defined based on direct breastfeeding, feeding of bottled human milk, formula feeding, their combinations, and use of solid food. Repeated measurements were investigated using 1-month delayed models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk ratios of different feeding modes were estimated for reflux; addressing a reverse association, RRs for feeding mode were estimated as responses to prior reflux. Results: Compared to direct breastfeeding, combinations with formula feeding showed a statistically significant risk for reflux (bottled human milk plus formula feeding: RR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.11, 4.33]; formula feeding: RR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.39, 2.74]; and mixed breastfeeding plus formula feeding: RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.40, 2.42]). Addition of solid food was not protective (RR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.86, 1.70]). Analyses of reverse association (reflux → feeding) showed fewer breastfed infants among those with reflux in the prior month. Conclusion: Any combination of infant feeding with formula seems to be a risk for reflux. Although breastfeeding was protective, mothers with a child with reflux were more likely to wean their child.

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