Association Between Infant Feeding Modes and Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Repeated Measurement Analysis of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II

2017 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pei-Lin Chen ◽  
Nelís Soto-Ramírez ◽  
Hongmei Zhang ◽  
Wilfried Karmaus
Keyword(s):  
Gastroesophageal Reflux ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Repeated Measurement ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Solid Food ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Feeding Modes ◽  
Risk Ratios

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux in neonates is frequently reported by parents, potentially motivating changes in infant feeding mode and/or addition of solid food. Objective: The authors prospectively analyzed associations between repeated measurement of feeding modes and reflux in infancy. Methods: The Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted between 2005 and 2007 (2,841 infants), provides data on reflux and feeding modes at nine time points from months 1 to 12. Feeding modes were defined based on direct breastfeeding, feeding of bottled human milk, formula feeding, their combinations, and use of solid food. Repeated measurements were investigated using 1-month delayed models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk ratios of different feeding modes were estimated for reflux; addressing a reverse association, RRs for feeding mode were estimated as responses to prior reflux. Results: Compared to direct breastfeeding, combinations with formula feeding showed a statistically significant risk for reflux (bottled human milk plus formula feeding: RR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.11, 4.33]; formula feeding: RR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.39, 2.74]; and mixed breastfeeding plus formula feeding: RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.40, 2.42]). Addition of solid food was not protective (RR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.86, 1.70]). Analyses of reverse association (reflux → feeding) showed fewer breastfed infants among those with reflux in the prior month. Conclusion: Any combination of infant feeding with formula seems to be a risk for reflux. Although breastfeeding was protective, mothers with a child with reflux were more likely to wean their child.

scholarly journals Epigenome-Wide Association of Infant Feeding and Changes in DNA Methylation from Birth to 10 Years

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Yamini Mallisetty ◽  
Nandini Mukherjee ◽  
Yu Jiang ◽  
Su Chen ◽  
Susan Ewart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Mixed Feeding ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Feeding Modes

Epigenetic factors have been suggested as mediators of early-life nutrition to future health. Prior studies focused on breastfeeding effects on DNA methylation (DNAm), ignoring other feeding modes. In this analysis of the Isle of Wight birth cohort, feeding modes were categorized as exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), exclusive formula feeding (EFF), and mixed feeding based on whether the respective feeding mode lasted for at least 3 months. In addition, in the past, infant feeding modes were assessed using DNAm at one time point in childhood, not changes of DNAm. In this paper, methylation differences (delta DNAm) were calculated by subtracting residual methylation values at birth from age 10 years (adjusting for cell types and season of blood collection at both ages). These deltas were estimated for all methylation sites where cytosine was followed by guanine (cytosine guanine dinucleotide (CpG) sites). Then, we performed an epigenome-wide association study contrasting EBF, EFF, and mixed feeding with delta DNAm that represents changes in methylation from birth to 10 years. A total of 87 CpGs (EBF: 27 CpGs, EFF: 48 CpGs, mixed: 12 CpGs) were identified using separate linear regression models adjusting for confounders and multiple testing. The sum of all changes in methylation from birth to age 10 years was significantly lower in the EFF group. Correspondingly, the number of CpGs with a methylation decline was 4.7% higher reflecting 13,683 CpGs. Lower methylation related to exclusive formula feeding and its adverse potential for the child’s development needs future research to reduce adverse health effects.

For Shame: Feminism, Breastfeeding Advocacy, and Maternal Guilt

Hypatia ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin N. Taylor ◽  
Lora Ebert Wallace
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Cultural Expectations ◽  
New Framework

In this paper, we provide a new framework for understanding infant‐feeding‐related maternal guilt and shame, placing these in the context of feminist theoretical and psychological accounts of the emotions of self‐assessment. Whereas breastfeeding advocacy has been critiqued for its perceived role in inducing maternal guilt, we argue that the emotion women often feel surrounding infant feeding may be better conceptualized as shame in its tendency to involve a negative self‐assessment—a failure to achieve an idealized notion of good motherhood. Further, we suggest, both formula‐feeding and breastfeeding mothers experience shame: the former report feeling that they fail to live up to ideals of womanhood and motherhood, and the latter transgress cultural expectations regarding feminine modesty. The problem, then, is the degree to which mothers are vulnerable to shame generally, regardless of infant feeding practices. As an emotion that is less adaptive and potentially more damaging than guilt, shame ought to be the focus of resistance for both feminists and breastfeeding advocates, who need to work in conjunction with women to oppose this shame by assisting them in constructing their own ideals of good motherhood that incorporate a sense of self‐concern.

scholarly journals Maternal Eating Behavior in Low-Income Mothers Influences Attitudes Toward Infant Feeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 767-767
Author(s):  
Maryam Kebbe ◽  
Abby Altazan ◽  
Robbie Beyl ◽  
Anne Gilmore ◽  
Leanne Redman
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Eating Behavior ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Infant Development ◽  
Eating Behaviors ◽  
Dietary Restraint ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Feeding Mode ◽  
Feeding Styles

Abstract Objectives Eating behavior is established early in life, influences infant development and health, and is likely to originate with the mother. We examined if maternal eating behaviors influenced attitudes towards infant feeding styles and whether these associations differed by infant feeding mode (breastfeeding and formula-feeding). Methods This was an observational study in 35 low-income mother-infant dyads. Postpartum women (≥18 years old, 25 ≤ BMI < 40 kg/m2) in the Louisiana Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program completed the Eating Inventory and Infant Feeding Styles Questionnaire to assess maternal eating behavior (dietary restraint, disinhibition, and perceived hunger) and infant feeding styles (restrictive feeding, responsive feeding, and pressuring/overfeeding), respectively, 8 weeks after delivery. Linear models with fixed effects were computed with maternal age, BMI, and maternal eating behavior as covariates using SPSS (p < 0.05 to indicate significance). Results Thirty-four % of the mothers were breastfeeding (n = 12) and 66.0% were formula-feeding (n = 23). Infant feeding styles were not predicted by maternal eating behaviors (all p > 0.05). In mothers who breastfed, maternal dietary restraint was positively associated with infant pressuring/overfeeding (β = 0.91, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = 1.37, p = 0.02). In addition, maternal disinhibition was negatively associated with restrictive infant feeding (β = −0.53, p < 0.05) and was different from those in the formula fed group (Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003). Comparatively, in mothers who formula-fed, restrictive infant feeding was predicted by maternal disinhibition (β = 0.42, p < 0.01; Δ = −0.95, p = 0.003) and maternal perceived hunger (β = 0.43, p < 0.01; Δ = 0.71, p = 0.007). Conclusions Maternal eating behavior is associated with infant feeding styles only when feeding mode is considered. Interventions educating mothers on how their own eating behaviors have the potential to influence eating behaviors of their children are needed. Funding Sources USDA Small Grants Program and the NIH (T32DK064584, and U54 GM104940).

scholarly journals Maternal Diet and Infant Feeding Practices Are Associated with Variation in the Human Milk Microbiota at 3 Months Postpartum in a Cohort of Women with High Rates of Gestational Glucose Intolerance

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren LeMay-Nedjelski ◽  
Michelle R Asbury ◽  
James Butcher ◽  
Sylvia H Ley ◽  
Anthony J Hanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Glucose Intolerance ◽  
Maternal Nutrition ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Illumina Miseq ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Microbial Composition

ABSTRACT Background Human milk contains a diverse community of bacteria believed to play a role in breast health and inoculation of the infant's gastrointestinal tract. The role of maternal nutrition and infant feeding practices on the human milk microbiota remains poorly understood. Objective Our aim was to explore the associations between maternal diet (delivery to 3 mo postpartum), infant feeding practices, and the microbial composition and predicted function in milk from women with varied metabolic status. Methods This was an exploratory analysis of a previously completed prospective cohort study of women with varying degrees of gestational glucose intolerance (NCT01405547). Milk samples (n = 93 mothers) were collected at 3 mo postpartum. Maternal dietary information (validated food-frequency questionnaire) and infant feeding practices (human milk exclusivity, frequency of direct breastfeeding per day) were collected. V4-16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (Illumina MiSeq) was conducted to determine microbiota composition. Results Intake of polyunsaturated fat [β estimate (SE): 0.036 (0.018), P = 0.047] and fiber from grains [0.027 (0.013), P = 0.048] were positively associated with ɑ-diversity (Shannon index) of human milk. Overall microbial composition of human milk clustered based on human milk exclusivity (weighted UniFrac R2 = 0.034, P = 0.015; Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.041, P = 0.007), frequency of direct breastfeeding per day (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.057, P = 0.026), and maternal fiber intake from grains (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.055, P = 0.040). Total fiber, fiber from grains, dietary fat, and infant feeding practices were also associated with a number of differentially abundant taxa. The overall composition of predicted microbial functions was associated with total fiber consumption (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.067, P = 0.036) and human milk exclusivity (Bray-Curtis R2 = 0.041, P = 0.013). Conclusions Maternal consumption of fiber and fat, as well as mother's infant feeding practices, are important determinants of the human milk microbiota. Understanding whether these microbial changes impact an infant's overall health and development requires future study.

scholarly journals Fetal Alcohol Growth Restriction Is Not Attributable to Infant Feeding Practices in a Prospective Birth Cohort in Cape Town, South Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 739-739
Author(s):  
Alexia Edwards ◽  
R. Colin Carter ◽  
Marjanne Senekal ◽  
Neil Dodge ◽  
Ernesta Meintjes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Head Circumference ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Growth Restriction ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Fetal Alcohol ◽  
Heavy Drinkers

Abstract Objectives Prenatal alcohol exposure is the most common preventable cause of neurodevelopmental deficits worldwide and causes growth restriction that worsens in the first year of life. Fetal alcohol growth restriction has been shown to be a marker for severity of alcohol-related neurocognitive deficits. However, the role of postnatal nutrition in fetal alcohol growth restriction remains unknown. The aims of this study were to compare infant feeding practices (e.g., breastfeeding, formula feeding, complementary foods) between heavy drinkers and controls and to examine whether these practices play confounding roles in fetal alcohol growth restriction. Methods 123 heavy drinking pregnant women and 86 controls were recruited at their first antenatal clinic visit in Cape Town, South Africa. Demographic background and alcohol, cigarette, marijuana, and methamphetamine use during pregnancy were assessed prenatally. Infant feeding practices were assessed at 6.5 mo postpartum using the USDA Infant Feeding Questionnaire. Infant weight, length and head circumference were measured at 2 wk and 6.5 and 12 mo. Potential confounders were those related to growth outcomes at p < .10 in univariate regression models. Results There were no differences between heavy drinkers and controls in duration of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding, or formula or mixed feeding. Although heavy drinkers were slightly more likely to have given their infants porridge, eggs, red meat, chicken, fish, and fries, complementary feeding practices were otherwise remarkably similar between drinkers and controls. In regression models adjusting for potential confounders (maternal age, cigarette use, socioeconomic status (SES)), frequency of prenatal drinking (days/wk) was related to smaller weight- (B = −.33(−.53, −.13)), length- (B = −.36(−.53, −.18)), and head circumference-for-age (B = −.22(−.40, −.03)) z-scores at 12 mo. These relations were not altered by controlling for breastfeeding, formula feeding, or complementary foods. Conclusions Infant feeding practices among heavy drinkers and controls were very similar in this low-SES cohort. Fetal alcohol growth restriction was not attributable to differences in infant feeding practices and is thus likely a teratogenic effect of PAE. Funding Sources NIH/NIAAA; MI Lycaki-Young Fund.

scholarly journals Infant Feeding Practices Among a U.S. Network of Milk-Sharing Parents

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 800-800
Author(s):  
Jennifer Peregoy ◽  
Giovana Pinheiro ◽  
Kathleen Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Categorical Variables ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mother’S Own Milk

Abstract Objectives Over the past decade, peer-to-peer human milk sharing (PHMS) as an infant feeding strategy has been growing in popularity. Given the emergent nature of modern PHMS, little is known about the infant feeding practices (IFP) of parents who engage in PHMS. The objective of this study was to characterize the IFP among a network of PHMS families and identify differences in IFP by recipient/donor status. Methods A cross-sectional survey was circulated among a network of PHMS families in the Washington, DC region. Eligible participants completed a detailed online survey about their milk sharing experiences and IFP. Bivariate analyses of IFP were conducted by PHMS status. To assess for differences in IFP by PHMS status, independent t and chi-square tests were used for continuous and categorical variables, respectively. Results Among a sample of 168 PHMS parents, 58% were donors and 42% were recipients. Compared to recipients, donors had a longer mean duration of most recent lactation (17.4 vs. 12.3 months; p < 0.005). During the first 3 months of their children's lives, recipients were more likely than donors to have fed them commercial infant formula (41.4% vs. 23.5%; p < 0.05) and banked donor milk (15.7% vs. 1%; p < 0.005). Donors were more likely than recipients to report ever having produced more milk than needed by their children (91.8% vs. 28.6%; p < 0.001), and less likely to report ever having difficulty producing enough milk for their children (20.4% vs. 77.1%; p < 0.001). Over a quarter of participants had ever exclusively pumped to feed their children, with no difference by PHMS status. While milk sharing, 86% of recipient infants were still consuming their mother's own milk and 58% were still feeding at their mother's breast. Conclusions This descriptive analysis demonstrates that PHMS participants are achieving a high duration of human-milk-feeding, far above the U.S. average. Lactation duration and breastfeeding experience between donors and recipients differed in predictable ways. Exclusive pumping was a common IFP among this sample of PHMS parents. Recipients in this sample were largely using PHMS as a strategy to supplement the mother's own milk. Additional research is needed to understand how PHMS is being practiced and to identify infant health and growth outcomes associated with PHMS. Funding Sources NIH Training Grant T32 HD087137.

Infant Feeding Redux

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 473-474
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Cone
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Formula Feeding ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Recent Debate

Just when it appeared that conflicts about the proper way to feed infants had been resolved, the recent debate about the propriety of some commercial firms advertising on television as well as selling milk formulas directly to mothers in supermarkets has reenergized the issue of infant feeding.1 That infant formulas have reached a state where they may even be considered by some to be safe enough for feeding most infants without the advice of health care professionals demonstrates the huge leap forward in the evolution of infant formula feeding. A short historical review will help us to understand how we have reached our present knowledge of infant feeding practices.

Infant Feeding: Formula Feeding

1961 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 639-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lewis A. Barness
Keyword(s):  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Formula Feeding
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