scholarly journals Role of sulfates in regional cloud–climate interactions

1998 ◽  
Vol 47-48 ◽  
pp. 299-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Menon ◽  
V.K Saxena
Keyword(s):  
Climate Interactions

scholarly journals Global modeling of fungal spores with the EMAC chemistryclimate model: uncertainties in emission parametrizations and observations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryem Tanarhte ◽  
Sara Bacer ◽  
Susannah M. Burrows ◽  
J. Alex Huffman ◽  
Kyle M. Pierce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Strong Dependence ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Specific Humidity ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Climate Interactions

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) may impact human health and aerosol-cloud-climate interactions. The role of PBAPs in the earth system is associated with large uncertainties, for example of source estimates and the atmospheric lifetime. We used a chemistry-climate model to simulate PBAPs in the atmosphere including bacteria and fungal spores. Three fungal spore emission parameterizations have been evaluated against an updated set of spore counts synthesized from observations reported in the literature. The comparison indicates an optimal fit for the emission parameterization proposed by Heald and Spracklen (2009) and adapted by Hoose et al. (2010) for particle sizes of 5 µm or 3 µm, although the model still overpredicts PBAP concentrations in some locations. The correlations between the spore count observations and meteorological parameters simulated by the model show a strong dependence on the leaf area index in non-urban areas and the specific humidity in urban areas. Additional evaluation was performed by comparing our combined bacteria and fungal spore simulations to a global dataset of fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations. The model predicts the total sum of measured PBAP concentrations relatively well, typically within a factor of two of FBAP. Further, the modeled fungal spore results deviate from the FBAP concentrations when used as a rough proxy for spores, depending on the particle size used in the parametrization. Uncertainties related to technical aspects of the FBAP and direct-counting spore measurements challenge the ability to further refine quantitative comparison on this scale. Additional long-term data of better quality are needed to improve emission parameterizations.

scholarly journals The Key Role of Coupled Chemistry–Climate Interactions in Tropical Stratospheric Temperature Variability

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (17) ◽  
pp. 7619-7629
Author(s):  
Simchan Yook ◽  
David W. J. Thompson ◽  
Susan Solomon ◽  
Seo-Yeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Temperature Variability ◽  
Stratospheric Temperature ◽  
Climate Interactions ◽  
Free Running ◽  
Polar Stratosphere ◽  
Fully Coupled ◽  
Do So

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to quantify the effects of coupled chemistry–climate interactions on the amplitude and structure of stratospheric temperature variability. To do so, the authors examine two simulations run on version 4 of the Whole Atmosphere Coupled Climate Model (WACCM): a “free-running” simulation that includes fully coupled chemistry–climate interactions and a “specified chemistry” version of the model forced with prescribed climatological-mean chemical composition. The results indicate that the inclusion of coupled chemistry–climate interactions increases the internal variability of temperature by a factor of ~2 in the lower tropical stratosphere and—to a lesser extent—in the Southern Hemisphere polar stratosphere. The increased temperature variability in the lower tropical stratosphere is associated with dynamically driven ozone–temperature feedbacks that are only included in the coupled chemistry simulation. The results highlight the fundamental role of two-way feedbacks between the atmospheric circulation and chemistry in driving climate variability in the lower stratosphere.

scholarly journals Gas valves, forests and global change: a commentary on Jarvis (1976) ‘The interpretation of the variations in leaf water potential and stomatal conductance found in canopies in the field’

2015 ◽  
Vol 370 (1666) ◽  
pp. 20140311 ◽  
Author(s):  
David J. Beerling
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Climate Science ◽  
Plant Physiologist ◽  
Leaf Surfaces ◽  
Climate Interactions ◽  
Current Paradigm ◽  
Vegetation And Climate ◽  
Surface Vegetation ◽  
350Th Anniversary

Microscopic turgor-operated gas valves on leaf surfaces—stomata—facilitate gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, and respond to multiple environmental and endogenous cues. Collectively, stomatal activities affect everything from the productivity of forests, grasslands and crops to biophysical feedbacks between land surface vegetation and climate. In 1976, plant physiologist Paul Jarvis reported an empirical model describing stomatal responses to key environmental and plant conditions that predicted the flux of water vapour from leaves into the surrounding atmosphere. Subsequent theoretical advances, building on this earlier approach, established the current paradigm for capturing the physiological behaviour of stomata that became incorporated into sophisticated models of land carbon cycling. However, these models struggle to accurately predict observed trends in the physiological responses of Northern Hemisphere forests to recent atmospheric CO 2 increases, highlighting the need for improved representation of the role of stomata in regulating forest–climate interactions. Bridging this gap between observations and theory as atmospheric CO 2 rises and climate change accelerates creates challenging opportunities for the next generation of physiologists to advance planetary ecology and climate science. This commentary was written to celebrate the 350th anniversary of the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society .

scholarly journals Global modeling of primary biological particle concentrations with the EMAC chemistry-climate model

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meryem Tanarhte ◽  
Sara Bacer ◽  
Susannah M. Burrows ◽  
J. Alex Huffman ◽  
Kyle M. Pierce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Model ◽  
Atmospheric Transport ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Fungal Spore ◽  
Spores And Pollen ◽  
Sea Salt Aerosols ◽  
Aerosol Mass ◽  
Climate Interactions ◽  
Almost All

Abstract. Primary biological aerosol particles (PBAPs) may impact human health and aerosol-climate interactions. The role of PBAPs in the earth system is associated with large uncertainties, related to source estimates and atmospheric transport. We used a chemistry-climate model to simulate PBAPs in the atmosphere including bacteria, fungal spores and pollen. Three fungal spore emission parameterizations have been evaluated against an updated set of spore counts synthesized from observations reported in the literature. The comparison indicates an optimal fit for the emission parameterization proposed by Heald and Spracklen (2009), although the model significantly over-predicts PBAP concentrations in some locations. Additional evaluation was performed by comparing our combined bacteria and fungal spore simulations to a global dataset of fluorescent biological aerosol particle (FBAP) concentrations. The model predicts the sum total of measured PBAP concentrations relatively well, with an over- or under-prediction of less than a factor of 2 compared to FBAP. The ratio of bacteria to fungal spores reflects a greater difference, however, and the simulated bacteria concentrations outnumber the simulated fungal spore concentrations in almost all locations. Further, the modeled fungal spore results under-predict the FBAP concentrations, which are used here as a rough proxy for spores. Uncertainties related to technical aspects of the FBAP and direct-counting spore measurements challenge the ability to further refine quantitative comparison on this scale. We estimate that the global PBAPs mass concentration (apart from desert dust and sea salt aerosols), i.e. of fungal spores and pollen, amounts to 19 % and 52 % of the total aerosol mass, respectively.

scholarly journals The role of nitrogen in climate change and the impacts of nitrogen–climate interactions in the United States: foreword to thematic issue

2012 ◽  
Vol 114 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma C. Suddick ◽  
Penelope Whitney ◽  
Alan R. Townsend ◽  
Eric A. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Thematic Issue ◽  
Climate Interactions

Role of dactinomycin in the improved survival of children with Wilms' tumor

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (12) ◽  
pp. 1005-1009 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Fernbach
Keyword(s):  
Wilms Tumor

Role of the allergist in diagnosis and management of patients with uveitis

JAMA ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 195 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. E. Van Metre
Keyword(s):  
Diagnosis And Management

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of affect in feelings of obligation

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefen Beeler-Duden ◽  
Meltem Yucel ◽  
Amrisha Vaish
Keyword(s):  
Positive Emotions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Sense Of Obligation

Abstract Tomasello offers a compelling account of the emergence of humans’ sense of obligation. We suggest that more needs to be said about the role of affect in the creation of obligations. We also argue that positive emotions such as gratitude evolved to encourage individuals to fulfill cooperative obligations without the negative quality that Tomasello proposes is inherent in obligations.

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