Tu-W28:2 Low-carbohydrate or low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets for treatment of obesity: Which option to select?

Background. Foods rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) have been discouraged by virtue of their cholesterol-raising potential, but this effect is modulated by the food source and background level of carbohydrate. Objective. We aimed to compare the consumption of palm stearin (PS) versus butter on circulating cholesterol responses in the setting of both a low-carbohydrate/high-fat (LC/HF) and high-carbohydrate/low-fat (HC/LF) diet in healthy subjects. We also explored effects on plasma lipoprotein particle distribution and fatty acid composition. Methods. We performed a randomized, controlled-feeding, cross-over study that compared a PS- versus a Butter-based diet in a group of normocholesterolemic, non-obese adults. A controlled canola oil-based ‘Run-In’ diet preceded the experimental PS and Butter diets. All diets were eucaloric, provided for 3-weeks, and had the same macronutrient distribution but varied in primary fat source (40% of the total fat). The same Run-In and cross-over experiments were done in two separate groups who self-selected to either a LC/HF (n = 12) or a HC/LF (n = 12) diet track. The primary outcomes were low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-C, triglycerides, and LDL particle distribution. Results. Compared to PS, Butter resulted in higher LDL-C in both the LC/HF (13.4%, p = 0.003) and HC/LF (10.8%, p = 0.002) groups, which was primarily attributed to large LDL I and LDL IIa particles. There were no differences between PS and Butter in HDL-C, triglycerides, or small LDL particles. Oxidized LDL was lower after PS than Butter in LC/HF (p = 0.011), but not the HC/LF group. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that Butter raises LDL-C relative to PS in healthy normocholesterolemic adults regardless of background variations in carbohydrate and fat, an effect primarily attributed to larger cholesterol-rich LDL particles.

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The effects of low-fat, high-carbohydrate diets vs. low-carbohydrate, high-fat diets on weight, blood pressure, serum liquids and blood glucose: a systematic review and meta-analysis

European Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1038/s41430-021-00927-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Qing Yang ◽

Xinyue Lang ◽

Wei Li ◽

Yan Liang

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Meta Analysis ◽

High Fat ◽

Low Fat ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Low Carbohydrate ◽

High Fat Diets ◽

Fat Diets

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Low-Carbohydrate, High-Protein and High-Carbohydrate, Low-Fat Diets Similarly Lower Body Weight and Body Fat Measurements in Overweight Premenopausal Women

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/j.jada.2007.05.075 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 107 (8) ◽

pp. A44

Author(s):

S.M. Nickols-Richardson ◽

J.J. Volpe ◽

M.D. Coleman-Kelly

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Body Fat ◽

Premenopausal Women ◽

High Protein ◽

Lower Body ◽

Low Fat ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Lower Body Weight ◽

Low Carbohydrate ◽

Fat Diets

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Alterations in nutritional status regulate acetyl-CoA carboxylase expression in avian liver by a transcriptional mechanism

Biochemical Journal ◽

10.1042/bj3190263 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 319 (1) ◽

pp. 263-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 42

Author(s):

F. Bradley HILLGARTNER ◽

Tina CHARRON ◽

Kye A CHESNUT

Keyword(s):

Fold Increase ◽

Pectoral Muscle ◽

Acetyl Coa Carboxylase ◽

Low Fat ◽

Acetyl Coa ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Low Fat Diet ◽

Carbohydrate Feeding ◽

Low Carbohydrate ◽

Induced Changes

Feeding previously starved chicks with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet stimulates a 9-fold increase in both the rate of synthesis of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and the abundance of its mRNA in liver. To define the steps involved in mediating diet-induced changes in the abundance of ACC mRNA, transcriptional activity was measured with the nuclear run-on assay and multiple DNA probes specific to the ACC gene. ACC transcription was low in livers of starved chicks; feeding them with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet induced ACC transcription, increasing it 11-fold. An increase in transcription was detectable at 1 h, was maximal at 5 h and remained high for 26 h. Feeding previously starved chicks with a low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet stimulated a smaller increase (4-fold) in the abundance of ACC mRNA and the transcription of ACC than feeding with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. The half-life of ACC mRNA in liver, as estimated from the kinetics of accumulation and decay of ACC mRNA during high-carbohydrate feeding and starvation, was not changed significantly by dietary manipulation. ACC mRNA was expressed at low levels in heart, pectoral muscle, kidney and brain. The abundance of ACC mRNA in these tissues was not affected by nutritional manipulation. These results demonstrate that nutritional control of the abundance of ACC mRNA in the chicken is liver-specific and is mediated primarily by changes in the rate of transcription of the ACC gene.

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A randomised-controlled trial of the effects of very low-carbohydrate and high-carbohydrate diets on cognitive performance in patients with type 2 diabetes

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114516004001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 116 (10) ◽

pp. 1745-1753 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jeannie Tay ◽

Ian T. Zajac ◽

Campbell H. Thompson ◽

Natalie D. Luscombe-Marsh ◽

Vanessa Danthiir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Body Weight ◽

Cognitive Function ◽

Cognitive Performance ◽

Perceptual Speed ◽

Low Fat ◽

Obese Adults ◽

High Carbohydrate ◽

Low Carbohydrate

AbstractThis study compared the longer-term effects of a very low-carbohydrate, high-fat diet with a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet on cognitive performance in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D). In total, 115 obese adults with T2D (sixty-six males, BMI: 34·6 (sd 4·3) kg/m2, age: 58 (sd 7) years, HbA1c: 7·3 (sd 1·1) %, diabetes duration: 8 (sd 6) years) were randomised to consume either an energy-restricted, very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated-fat (LC) diet or an energy-matched high unrefined carbohydrate, low-fat (HC) diet with supervised aerobic/resistance exercise (60 min, 3 d/week) for 52 weeks. Body weight, HbA1c and cognitive performance assessing perceptual speed, reasoning speed, reasoning ability, working memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, short-term memory, inhibition and memory scanning speed were assessed before and after intervention. No differences in the changes in cognitive test performance scores between the diet groups were observed for any of the cognitive function outcomes assessed (P≥0·24 time×diet). Percentage reduction in body weight correlated with improvements with perceptual speed performance. In obese adults with T2D, both LC and HC weight-loss diets combined with exercise training had similar effects on cognitive performance. This suggests that an LC diet integrated within a lifestyle modification programme can be used as a strategy for weight and diabetes management without the concern of negatively affecting cognitive function.

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